Concept explainers
Amide Lewis Structural Formulas
Lewis formulas are the major means by which structural information is communicated in
Two or more Lewis formulas, differing only in the placement of electrons, can often be written for a single compound. In such cases the separate structures represented by the Lewis formulas are said to be in resonance, and the true electron distribution is a hybrid of the electron distributions of the contributing structures.
The amide function is an important structural unit in peptides and proteins. Formamide, represented by the Lewis structure shown, is the simplest amide. It is a planar molecule with a dipole moment of
D. Lewis structures I–IV represent species that bear some relationship to the Lewis structure for formamide.
Which Lewis formula is a conjugate acid of formamide?
I
II
III
IV
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TEXT PACKAGED - 2 YE
- The amines are organic weak bases which are nitrogen-containing. In the early days of organic chemistry, basic amines derived from natural sources were known as “vegetable alkali”, but they are now referred to as alkaloids. The study of alkaloids provided much of the growth of organic chemistry, phytochemistry and natural products chemistry. It remains a fascinating area of research. Please search for one naturally occurring alkaloid and provide the following: Name of the alkaloid and show its structure. Identify using arrows the polar bonds in the structure Species from where it was isolated What was the use of this alkaloid in plants (if any)? What are the pharmacological, medicinal, or environmental uses or applications of this alkaloid (if any)?arrow_forwardThe C-N distance in an amide bond is approximately 1.32 Å. A typical C-N single bond is 1.45Å, while a typical C=N double bond is 1.25 Å. Explain this observation and describe how thebonding in amides restricts the conformations amides can adopt.arrow_forwardAt least one aromatic group and one alkyl in structure to each of the following classes of organic compoundsWrite a molecule with a total of 10 carbons each with a group (by express formula). Every structure you writeName it according to the IUPAC system.a) write and name two heteroaromatic molecules. b) type and name two ringed ketone molecule. c) write and name two secondary Amine molecule. d) write down two diazonium salt and name it.arrow_forward
- 1. What is resonance theory? State five conclusionstgan can be drawn from the theory. 2.What factors confer aromaticity to an organic molecule. 3. What are the various ways by which alkenes can be synthesized. 4. State the two main experiment that were used to establish the extra stability of the benzene molecule.arrow_forwardWhat is Resonance Theory? Sate five conclusions that can be drawn from the theory. State the two main experiments that were used to establish the extra stability of the benzene molecule. What are the factors that confer Aromaticity to an organic molecule? i. State the effects of substituents on a benzene derivative towards further aromatic substitution. Based on the above suggest the various types of substituents that can be attached to Benzene. What are the various ways by which alkenes may be synthesized? i. Give two examples each of Unsymmetrical alkenes and reagents. Give two examples of reactions of alkenes that result in Anti-Markonikov’s addition productsarrow_forward1. Use the image provided to answer the question in detail: a) Two of the earliest drug molecules featured in Chapter 8 are Vicodin and Heroin, whose chemical structures are very similar. Both of these molecules contain an amine functional group and several rings. Indicate the number of aromatic rings in each structure, and identify the amine functional group in each molecule as primary, secondary, or tertiary.arrow_forward
- rank the set of compounds and explain brieflyarrow_forwardNotice that the carboxylic acid is a jumping off point to get to other types of molecular connection, replacing the -H on the hydroxy part with another carbon group to get an________, replacing the -OH with a chlorine to get an________, replacing the -H on the hydroxyl again with a carbonyl related group to get an________, or replacing the OH with an amine to get an_________.arrow_forwardIn each of the organic compound classes given below, write a molecule with at least one aromatic group and one alkyl group in its structure, with a total of 10 carbons. (with open formulas) Name each structure you write according to the IUPAC system. g) Write down and name a semi-aminal molecule. h) Write and name an aromatic amine. i) Write down and name an N-arylamide molecule. j) Write down and name an amino acid molecule.arrow_forward
- Compare the bonding in formic acid (HCOOH) with that in its conjugate base formate ion (HCOO). Each molecule has a central carbon atom bonded to the two oxygen atoms and to a hydrogen atom. Draw Lewis diagrams, determine the steric numbers and hybridization of the central carbon atom, and give the molecular geometries. How do the orbitals differ in formic acid and the formate molecular ion? The bond lengths of the CO bonds in HCOOH are 1.23 (for the bond to the lone oxygen) and 1.36 (for the bond to the oxygen with a hydrogen atom attached). In what range of lengths do you predict the CO bond length in the formate ion to lie?arrow_forwardRationalize the electronic effects responsible for the basicity of aminesarrow_forwardThe structure of Amines concept that seemed difficult to you at first, but then after working on the concept, you were able to master it. Include a description of what made the concept difficult at first, and then discuss what you did in order to better understand the concept.arrow_forward
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