WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties of life emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay (about 100–150 words) that hriefly explains the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process that emerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 11 Solutions
Campbell Biology, Volume 1 - With Access (Custom)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th Edition)
LooseLeaf for Integrated Principles of Zoology
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.arrow_forwardHow is the purpose of cell signaling different in unicellular organisms vs. multicellular organisms? Provide an example of each.arrow_forwardFor cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein kinases? a. they amplify the original signal b. they always lead to the same cellular response c. the number of molecules used is small and fixed d. they are cell specificarrow_forward
- A scientist notices that a cancer cell line fails to die when he adds an inducer of apoptosis to his culture of cells. Which hypothesis could explain why the cells fail to die? a. The cells have a mutation that prevents the initiation of apoptosis signaling. b. The cells have lost expression of the receptor for the apoptosis-inducing ligand. c. The cells overexpress a growth factor pathway that inhibits apoptosis. d. All of the above.arrow_forwardCell Communications Explain the role of the trans-membrane and the intracellular protein receptors in cell signaling (provide an example of each).arrow_forwardDO NOT COPY IN GOOGLE OR BARTLEBY QUESTIONS: - WHEN do you think apoptosis occurs in humans? - What would be the effect if apoptosis doesn't happen? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.arrow_forward
- Help constructing a concept map? Example provided below. Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific…arrow_forwardWhich of the following are charcteristics you would expect of a circulating tumor cell that has undergone Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (select all that apply)? A. Increased N-cahedrin expression B. Increased resistance to apoptosis C. Loss of ability to secrete fibronectin D. High cytokeratin expression E. Elevated PDGF Receptor Expressionarrow_forwardDefine Integrin adhesion receptor– mediated signaling pathways control diverse cell functions.arrow_forward
- Cell communication a) There are six main principles for transmitting a chemical signal between cells, name and describe two. b) How does a signal that binds to the surface of the cell reach all the way to the nucleus? c) What does it mean that a signal is G protein linked?arrow_forwardWhich of these pathways is highly conserved among invertebrates and mammals regarding stem cell niche signaling? a. Wnt and beta-catenin families b. MAP kinase family c. VegT and Veg 1 family d. Pitx familyarrow_forwardThink about the types of cellular processes that occur within the nucleus of a cell and the types of molecules that need to be transported in and out of the nucleus. How might the blocking of nuclear pores via huntingtin protein aggregates impact the function of a brain neuron?arrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax