EBK CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134818979
Author: Killian
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 11, Problem 21PDQ
While many commonly used antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis or cell wall formation, clorobiocin, one of several antibiotics in the aminocoumarin class, inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase. Similar drugs have been tested as treatments for human cancer. How might such drugs be effective against bacteria as well as cancer?
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As shown , several medical agents are now commercially produced by genetically engineered microorganisms. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of making these agents this way.
While many commonly used antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis or cell wall formation, clorobiocin, one of several antibiotics in the aminocoumarin class, inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase. Similar drugs have been tested as treatments for human cancer. How might such drugs be effective against bacteria as well as cancer?
Various antimicrobial drugs to treat microbial infection have diverse mechanism of action. Consider the following antimicrobial drugs:
A. Seconeolitsine, known as DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor in bacteria.
(i) Explain briefly how inhibiting DNA topoisomerase I is a good mechanism of action for an antibiotic, include possible molecular machineries being targeted.
(ii) What would be an appropriate response if seconeolitsine works well by stating the state of supercoiling in bacteria.
(iii) To prove your answer (ii), you test the condition of bacterial DNA by running gel electrophoresis, one has been treated with seconeolitsine (+ sample) and the other one is not (- sample). Explain the position of each + sample and – sample band on the gel in reference to the point of origin (where you load your samples) or how far each DNA sample travel across agarose gel.
(iv) Explain why you would expect answer (iii) for each + sample and – sample.
B.…
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
Ch. 11 - In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the...Ch. 11 - An alien organism was investigated. When DNA...Ch. 11 - Why might mutations in genes encoding telomerase...Ch. 11 - Although the brother is an immunologically matched...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3CSCh. 11 - HOW DOWE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how...Ch. 11 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 11 - Compare conservative, semiconservative, and...Ch. 11 - Describe the role of 15N in the MeselsonStahl...Ch. 11 - Predict the results of the experiment by Taylor,...
Ch. 11 - What are the requirements for in vitro synthesis...Ch. 11 - In Kornbergs initial experiments, it was rumored...Ch. 11 - How did Kornberg assess the fidelity of DNA...Ch. 11 - Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised...Ch. 11 - Kornberg showed that nucleotides are added to the...Ch. 11 - What was the significance of the polA1 mutation?Ch. 11 - Summarize and compare the properties of DNA...Ch. 11 - List and describe the function of the ten subunits...Ch. 11 - Distinguish between (a) unidirectional and...Ch. 11 - List the proteins that unwind DNA during in vivo...Ch. 11 - Define and indicate the significance of (a)...Ch. 11 - Outline the current model for DNA synthesis.Ch. 11 - Why is DNA synthesis expected to be more complex...Ch. 11 - Suppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of...Ch. 11 - Several temperature-sensitive mutant strains of E....Ch. 11 - While many commonly used antibiotics interfere...Ch. 11 - Describe the end-replication problem in...Ch. 11 - Many of the gene products involved in DNA...Ch. 11 - In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in...Ch. 11 - The genome of D. melanogaster consists of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 11 - DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5...Ch. 11 - Assume that the sequence of bases shown below is...Ch. 11 - Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic...Ch. 11 - Consider the drawing of a dinucleotide below. (a)...Ch. 11 - To gauge the fidelity of DNA synthesis, Arthur...
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- Many microbes (as well as other organisms) produce antibiotics. A natural compound produced by one organism that inhibits or kills another unrelated organism is commonly defined as an antibiotic. Thousands of antibiotics have been identified and characterized. Antibiotics prevent virtually every step in the Central Dogma of bacteria. Rifampicin, for example, inhibits transcription while streptomycin inhibits translation. However, no antibiotic has ever been discovered that directly affects DNA replication by inhibiting the action of DNA polymerases. "Why not?"arrow_forwardWhy are bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase good targets for antimicrobial drugs? These enzymes are not necessary for DNA replication. These enzymes are involved in energy production, so targeting them would prevent the bacteria from obtaining necessary energy. These enzymes are different from their eukaryotic counterparts, so the drugs targeting them should not affect the host. These enzymes are responsible for host cell recognition, so targeting them would prevent the host cell from being infected.Flag this QuestionQuestion 10arrow_forwardAlthough it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?arrow_forward
- Identify the most mistaken (wrong) choice: a) Transcription machinery and an enhancer can bind to the chromosome at the same time. b) Organic matters may interfere with heat treatment of bacterial growth control. ( c) Nitrocellulose can be used to filter out microorganisms from a liquid solution. d) Time to kill a bacterial culture is not proportional to the number of microbes in the culturearrow_forwardResistance to many penicillins is the result of cell wall mutations in a variety of bacteria. True or false?arrow_forwardSome bacteria may have higher mutation rates than others following exposure to UV light. Discuss a reason why this might be the case. What experiments could you do to determine whether this is a likely possibility?arrow_forward
- Based on what you have learned with respect to various DNA repair pathways, decide the most appropriate pathway that would be used to repair the following types of DNA damage. Explain your reasoning. A change in the DNA sequence caused by a mistake made by DNA polymerase during replication In a fungal species, pyrimidine dimers induced as a result of UV exposure A double-stranded break that occurs during G1 and prevents completion of DNA replicationarrow_forwardWhat is/are the attributes that make nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) similar and/or different from each other? Select the correct response: The NER pathway is the only one that can remove DNA lesions in the strand regardless of their size which is followed by attaching the correct strand, then sealed by a DNA ligase. They both use the enzyme DNA glycosylases that recognizes the damaged DNA segments and proceed with repairing the faulty base in the strand. They differ NER only repairs purine bases while BER repairs pyrimidine bases. They both remove the damaged parts of the DNA where the BER pathway corrects only the identified damaged bases which are usually non-bulky lesions. The NER pathway, on the other hand, repairs the damage by removal of bulky DNA adducts which is a short-single stranded DNA segment. They both utilize the enzyme photolyase to reverse the damages created by the faulty section of the DNA. They both remove the damaged parts of the…arrow_forwardThe human intestinal tract is home to a vast, diverse microbial community. The bacteria that comprise this microbial community serve a number of important, beneficial functions. However, some bacterial species have been suggested to play a role in certain forms of cancer. One such bacteria is Fusobacterium nucleatum (i.e., F. nucleatum). Investigators wishing to study the role of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer developed a new assay for detecting these bacteria in tumor tissue. In controlled experiments, the test was highly sensitive in detecting F. nucleatum and also had high specificity. To examine consistency in their test findings, the investigators also conducted repeat tests in 50 tissue samples. From these repeat tests, the investigators observed that the overall number of samples in which F. nucleatum was detected was almost identical (10 out of 50 on the first test vs. 11 out of 50 on the repeat test); for 9 samples, F. nucleatum was detected on both the initial and the…arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Base Excision Repair (BER) is true? Only NER involves the action of DNA ligase to seal nicks in the DNA backbone. Both NER and BER involve DNA strand cleavage by an endonuclease. Both NER and BER can be activated by exposure to visible light. Only BER requires DNA polymerase. Both NER and BER involve the creation of an apyrimidinic (AP) site.arrow_forwardThe enzymes mentioned below are used as tools during cloning, DNA sequencing and/or gene therapy. Explain what they are used for. Also mention the actual biological function of the respective enzymes. 1) RNaseHarrow_forward1)What is plasmid? 2) How do you explain the selection of plasmid for carrying the desired gene? 3) Follow the steps of human insulin production 4) Make a diagram for the production of growth hormonearrow_forward
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