(a)
To determine: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an
Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone; and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has before and after the oxidation is to be stated.
Concept introduction: Chromic acid is an oxidizing agent in which chromium acts as a multivalent atom. The formation of active species of chromic acid occurs by going through higher oxidation state before the oxidation to a lower oxidation state after the oxidation of alcohol.
(b)
To determine: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone; and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has before and after the oxidation.
Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone and the number of bonds to oxygen does each atom before and after the oxidation is to be stated.
Concept introduction: Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizing agent in which chlorine acts as a multivalent atom. The formation of active species of sodium hypochlorite occurs by going through higher oxidation state before the oxidation to a lower oxidation state after the oxidation of alcohol.
(c)
To determine: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone; and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has before and after the oxidation.
Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone and the number of bonds to oxygen does each atom before and after the oxidation is to be stated.
Concept introduction: Sulphur in the Swern oxidation acts as a multivalent atom. The Swern oxidation comprises use of
(d)
To determine: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone; and the number of bonds to oxygen that each has atom before and after the oxidation.
Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone; and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has before and after the oxidation is to be stated.
Concept introduction: Iodine in the DMP reagent acts as a multivalent atom. The formation of active species in the DMP reagent occurs by going through higher oxidation state before the oxidation to a lower oxidation state after the oxidation of alcohol.
(e)
To determine: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone, and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has before and after the oxidation.
Interpretation: The Lewis structure of the given atom, before and after the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone and the number of bonds to oxygen that each atom has, before and after the oxidation is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The carbinol
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Organic Chemistry (9th Edition)
- What functional group distinguishes each of the following hydrocarbon derivatives? a. halohydrocarbons b. alcohols c. ethers d. aldehydes e. ketones f. carboxylic acids g. esters h. amines Give examples of each functional group. What prefix or suffix is used to name each functional group? What are the bond angles in each? Describe the bonding in each functional group. What is the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol? For the functional groups in ah, when is a number required to indicate the position of the functional group? Carboxylic acids are often written as RCOOH. What does COOH indicate and what does R indicate? Aldehydes are sometimes written as RCHO. What does CHO indicate?arrow_forwardWhat is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Distinguish between normal and branched hydrocarbons. What is an alkane? What is a cyclic alkane? What are the two general formulas for alkanes? What is the hybridization of carbon atoms in alkanes? What are the bond angles in alkanes? Why are cyclopropane and cyclobutane so reactive? The normal (unbranched) hydrocarbons are often referred to as straight-chain hydrocarbons. What does this name refer to? Does it mean that the carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon really have a linear arrangement? Explain. In the shorthand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. How do you determine the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon in a ring structure?arrow_forward1. What is the bond angle in carbon tetrachloride? 2. What is the product of the reaction of pent-2-ene with Cl2? 3.Which statement is correct? * A. The bond length increases when the difference between the electronegativity of the atoms is higher B. The bond length increases when the number when there is an increase in pi bonds. C. Increasing the bond polarity increases the bond length. D. Sp2 has shorter bond length that sp. 4. How many moles of O2 gas is theoretically needed for 1 mole of hexane? 5. What is the MOST LIKELY product of the reaction of pent-1-ene with HCL? 6. Which one creates a sigma bond? * A. 2 pz atomic orbitals B. 2 py atomic orbitals C. 2 px atomic orbitals D. none of these 7.How many hydrogen atoms are there in trans-1-bromo-2-methylcyclohexane? 8.arrow_forward
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- How to draw the line bond formula or lewis structure of a methyl ketone with the chemical formula C6H5C3H5O? Based on the results of the solubility tests, the compound can be grouped in VI, which is insoluble in water, 10% NaOH and 10% HCl but soluble in concentrated H2SO4. If the compound is water-insoluble but soluble in concentrated H2SO4, it is most probably an alcohol, aldehyde, anhydride, ester, ether, ketone, or an unsaturated hydrocarbon The functional group/class is identified to be Methyl Ketone, base on the results of the chemical tests on Table 2. CHEMICAL TEST OBSERVATIONS +(compound tested positive for the chemical reaction)/ otherwise (-) Molisch test turbid colorless solution - 2,4-DNP test formation of orange-yellow precipitates + Tollen’s test turbid colorless solution - Ninhydrin test clear pale-yellow solution - iodoform test clear pale-yellow solution +arrow_forwardi. Why is the boiling point of the aldehyde greater than that of the alkane? ii. Why is the boiling point of alcohol the highest? iii. Explain why the solubility of aldehydes and alcohols falls as the molecules get bigger.arrow_forwardChoose the true statement about the reaction.cis-2-pentenetrans-2-pentene Kc = 7.2 A.There are slightly more than seven trans-2-butene molecules for each cis-2-butene molecule. B.There are roughly the same number of trans-2-butene molecules as there are cis-2-butene molecules. C.There are slightly more than seven cis-2-butene molecules for each trans-2-butene molecule. D.There are slightly less than seven trans-2-butene molecules for each cis-2-butene molecule.arrow_forward
- Solubility- hexachlorobenzene Q1)Using the Lewis structures of the molecule and water, identify and label areas of intermolecular attraction. ▪More than one water molecule should be shown ▪Label the type of IM forces present b)Using the Lewis structures of the molecule and a nonpolar solvent (e.g., hexane), identify and label areas of intermolecular attraction. c)explain the solubility (or lack thereof) of your molecule in water. When available, use solubility data (at the same temperature) to support your explanation. d)explain the solubility (or lack thereof) of your molecule in nonpolar solvents. When available, use solubility data (at the same temperature) to support your explanation. e)when dissolved in water, qualitatively discuss whether the molecule is a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte. Please answer very soon will give rating surely All questions answers neededarrow_forward3) Primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidised by heating with a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)and dilute sulfuric(VI) acid.•A primary alcohol can be oxidised to two different products, depending on the conditions used.•A secondary alcohol forms one product when oxidised.Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised.a)What is the formula of potassium dichromate(VI)?b)Using a primary alcohol of your choice as an example:i)give the displayed formulae of the two products it could be oxidised toii) state the conditions needed to give each productiii) state which homologous series each product belongs toiv) write a balanced chemical equation for each reaction (the convention [O] may be used for theoxidising agent).d) Why are tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation?arrow_forwardAlcohols are very useful starting materials for the production of many different compounds. The following conversions, starting with 1-butanol, can be carried out in two or more steps. Show the steps (reactants/catalysts) you would follow to carry out the conversions, drawing the formula for the organic product in each step. For each step, a major product must be produced. (See Exercise 62.) (Hint: In the presence of H+, an alcohol is converted into an alkene and water. This is the exact reverse of the reaction of adding water to an alkene to form an alcohol.) a. 1-butanol butane b. 1-butanol 2-butanonearrow_forward
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