Chapter 12, Problem 12.41EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of ATP molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ATP is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of the adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphates group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of ${\text{FADH}}_2$ molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.${\text{FADH}}_2$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

${\text{FADH}}_2$ is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of CoA–SH molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. CoA–SH is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation.