Chapter 14, Problem 14.69CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept introduction:

Hydrobromination:

A hydrobromination reaction is one of the electrophilic additions to alkenes to yield the corresponding bromo alkanes. In this reaction the bromine atom adds to the double bond carbon which is having lesser number of hydrogen or more substituted carbon (Markovnikov's rule).

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept introduction:

Oxidation reaction:

Alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction using oxidising agent like ${\text{KMnO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{or K}}_{\text{2}}{\text{Cr}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}$ which yields the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Primary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction yields the corresponding aldehyde or acid, secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction yields the corresponding ketone as the product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In Dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept Introduction:

Bromination of alkenes:

Alkene undergoes bromination which yields the dibromo compound (vicinal dibromides or 1,2-dibromides).

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept introduction:

Thiols:

The general structure of thiol is $\text{R-SH}$, and it is also called as thioalcohols or mercaptans.

Oxidation of thiols:

Thiol undergoes oxidation using ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ (mild oxidizing agents) or ${\text{Br}}_{\text{2}}$ (mild oxidizing agents) which yields disulfides ($\text{RS-SR}$). During the oxidation reaction two thiols are joining together, and a new bond forms between the two sulfur atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept introduction:

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction should be completed.

Concept introduction:

Oxidation reaction:

Alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction using oxidising agent like ${\text{KMnO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{or K}}_{\text{2}}{\text{Cr}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{7}}$ which yields the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Primary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction yields the corresponding aldehyde or acid, secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation reaction yields the corresponding ketone as the product.