Chapter 14, Problem 1PDQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The experimentally derived information that led to Holley’s proposal of the two-dimensional cloverleaf model of tRNA

Introduction:

The transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a small, single-stranded that are largely found in the cytoplasm. It is also called as soluble RNA. There are about 20 different Trna molecules are present that are involved in the decoding of the mRNA sequences into proteins. The main function of tRNA is to transfer the amino acid that is specific to the codon present in the messenger RNA sequences.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The experimental information verifies that certain codons in mRNA specify chain termination during translation

Introduction:

The translation is the process of coding of proteins from the specific codons present in the mRNA. The ribosomes present in the outer membrane of endoplasmic reticulum carry out the translation process. This process consists of three steps namely initiation, elongation and termination. After the completion of this process, the proteins are released into the endoplasmic reticulum to form vesicles which then carried out to the cells to executes its function.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

That how the idea emerges that one gene specifies one enzyme based on studies of Neurospora nutritional mutations

Introduction:

The genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides present in the mRNA that specifically codes for a particular protein. Every three adjacent nucleotides present in the mRNA constitutes the unit called as a codon. Each three-letter codon specifically codes for the particular protein. For example AUG codes for methionine. The characteristic of the codon is universal, nonoverlapping, commaless, non-ambiguity, polarity, etc..

d.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

That how the idea emerges that the proteins are the end products of genetic expression

Introduction:

The gene expression is the process of transformation of nucleotide sequences into the functional product. The functional product is the proteins that make up all parts of the cells. The gene expression consists of three processes namely replication, transcription and translation. The gene expression is tightly regulated at both levels of transcription and translation to prevent the overexpression of gene that leads to certain disorders.

e.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The experimental evidence that proposes the degeneracy and wobble hypothesis of the genetic code.

Introduction:

The genetic code is the sequence of nucleotides present in the mRNA that specifically codes for a particular protein. Every three adjacent nucleotides present in the mRNA constitutes the unit called as a codon. Each three-letter codon specifically codes for the particular protein. For example AUG codes for methionine. The characteristic of the codon is universal, nonoverlapping, commaless, non-ambiguity, polarity, etc..

f.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

That how the idea emerges that the structure of a protein is intimately related to the function of that protein

Introduction:

The proteins are the biomolecules that are made up of polypeptide chains. Several amino acids combine to form a polypeptide chain that in turn combines to form proteins. There are 20 amino acids are present in the cells that are transferred to ribosomes for the formation of proteins and the process is called translation. After the synthesis, it is folded by the molecular chaperons that give stability to the proteins.