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To review:
The food sources that help in the synthesis of various important molecules like enzymes.
Introduction:
Nutrients are the substances that are required by an organism to maintain health. These nutrients are essential for the development and growth of all plants and animals. These are classified into micronutrients and macronutrients.
Macronutrients are required and consumed in relatively large amounts. They function in generating energy, growth, and repairing of tissues. Micronutrients are the nutrients that are required by the body in very minute quantities. Dietary minerals and vitamins are some of the micronutrients that play important role in physiological functioning and maintains the health of the individual.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Custom)
- Pancreatic lipase is necessary to break down fats in the body. It requires a protein, prolipase, to reach its peak enzymatic activity. Which of the following statements is MOST correct? Prolipase is a coenzyme. Prolipase is a prosthetic group. Prolipase is a vitamin. Pancreatic lipase is an apoenzyme.arrow_forwardIf a person has a medical condition in which their mitochondria do not function properly, what nutrient will they not be able to use for energy? Group of answer choices Glucose Fatty acids Amino Acids Ketone bodies Cholesterol They would not be able to use any of the above nutrientsarrow_forwardWhich of the following processes would happen on a large scale during starvation (and not in a person who eats regularly)? Chylomicrons deliver lipids to adipose (fat) cells Gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney; glucose is secreted into blood Protein catabolism in muscle cells; liberated amino acids are funneled into the Krebs cycle Triglycerides previously stored in adipose tissue undergo lipolysis; glycerol is used by the liver for gluconeogenesisarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements best describes chylomicrons? A type of lipoprotein that transports lipids from the small intestine to body cells. A byproduct of fat metabolism that results in fatty acids that are then transported to the body cells. A type of cholesterol that transports lipids from the small intestine to body cells. An enzyme from the liver that breaks down triglycerides and transports fatty acids to the body cells.arrow_forwardIn order for the food to be processed and absorbed in an optimal way, there are several feedback mechanisms. One of the most important starts when the food reaches the small intestine, this is sometimes also called the intestinal phase. Describe what happens if the food that reaches the duodenum contains a lot of fat and a lot of protein. The answer must include: Which different mechanisms are affected by the respective stimuli (fat and protein) and how (increases or decreases the activity). What cell type senses stimuli and how these cells react. Which different signaling pathways (including the signaling substances involved) control the different mechanisms that are affected by the respective stimuli. Feel free to draw.arrow_forwardAmmonium ions (NH4+) are always produced during intracellular digestion of which food molecule? carbohydrate fatty acid glycerol amino acid polysaccharidearrow_forward
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding liver metabolism? Select three of the following: The liver (hepatocytes) has hundreds of functions, such as producing glucose, ketones, fatty acids, cholesterol, proteins, and bile for the rest of the body. Hepatocytes have the GLUT2 antiporter, which allows for secondary active transport of glucose into the cells. Hepatocytes have glucokinase that continually makes glucose 6-phosphate, and it has a lower Km than other hexokinases so it continuously metabolizes glucose when concentrations are low. Glucose 6-phosphate is the "transfer station" in the liver since it can be made my multiple pathways and have multiple fates. The liver converts amino acids to citric acid cycle intermediates or pyruvate for gluconeogenesis. The liver oxidizes fatty acids into glucose, which can be sent to other cells and used for energy or converted into phospholipids and triacylglycerol.arrow_forwardIf you fed an experimental animal (a mammal) a special food that consisted of all 20 amino acids, glucose and a wide variety of fatty acids, along with all needed vitamins and minerals, how would its digestive system handle this food? What would be normal and what, if anything, would be abnormal about its food processing? Is it likely to be adequately nourished?arrow_forwardThe following question is regarding digestion and energy balance, in this scenario you have just finished eating a sandwich - Make a drawing that shows where digestion takes place for each component of the sandwhich like the bread, vegtables, and protein. Be sure to include the following: the location of each, the phase, the absorbable unit, hormones involved, the organs, and the exocrine/endocrine cells.arrow_forward
- If a mutation in a sodium channel in an Intestinal epithelial cell caused a marked decrease In the concentration gradient of sodium across the plasma membrane, which of the following would you expect to observe? a decrease in Na/K ATPase activity. an increase in the movement of glucose across the basolateral membrane to the extracellular space an increase in sodium/glucose co-transport into the cell across the apical membrane a decrease in cytoplasmic glucose concentrationarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation? a) The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy b) The brain can only use glucose as fuel c) Up to a quarter of energy requirement of the brain can come from fatty acids d) Up to a half of energy requirement of the brain can come from ketone bodiesarrow_forwardTwo general roles for nutrients are to provide_____and______ . Nutrients required in small amounts that often assist in enzyme function are called _______. Nutrients that are elements are called________ . Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body are called_______ nutrients.arrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
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