Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified. Concept Introduction: Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone , the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction. A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal. Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups ( − O R ) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 15.59CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Given the reaction was formed by acetal (or) ketal, to draw the target molecule transformation should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: The small amount of acid catalysts is added to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone, the hemi-space initially formed is converted into an acetal or a ketal substitution reaction.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Acetal: An acetal is one of organic molecule where two separate oxygen atoms are single bonded to a central carbon atom it is called acetal. In other words compound that has two ether groups (−OR) are bonded to the same carbon atom.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given hydrochlorination of an alkene should be completed

Concept Introduction:

Hydrohalogenation:

Alkenes reaction with hydrogen halide which yields the corresponding halogenated product. The halogen atom is always ends up at the more substituted carbon of the alkene the protonation of the alkene will result in the more stable carbocation.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The addition reaction should be drawn and identified given the alcohol molecule in presence of acidic condition.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid.

Alcohol is reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, first alcohol gets protonated forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by elimination of proton (H+) yields alkene as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In dehydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, and which is used to protonate the alcohol and makes carbocation therefore sulfuric acid is the driving force of the reaction. Dehydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Answer 12

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 15.1P Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 15.2P Ch. 15.2 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.1CIAP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.2CIAP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.4P Ch. 15.2 - Draw the line structures and provide common names...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.6KCP Ch. 15.3 - For each compound shown next (ad), indicate...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 15.8KCP

Solution Summary: The author explains the formation of acetal by adding acid catalysts to the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone.

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