Microeconomic Theory
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781337517942
Author: NICHOLSON
Publisher: Cengage
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Question
Chapter 15, Problem 15.7P
1
To determine
Sub game perfect equilibrium for Stackelberg model.
2
To determine
Value of sunk cost for which firm 1 deter the entry of second firm.
3
To determine
Best response diagram for Cournot, Stackelberg
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Consider the following entry-deterrence game. A potential entrant has two strategies, “Enter” or “Stay Out”. An incumbent firm can either Price Low or Price High, depending on whether they want to try to fight or accommodate the entrant. (The Price Low option could be a limit price, for example). Suppose if the entrant Enters and the incumbent Prices Low, both firms lose $-1M. If the entrant enters and the incumbent Prices High, each firm earns $2M. If the Entrant doesn’t enter, the incumbent earns $4M and the entrant earns $0.
a)Using the concept of Nash Equilibrium, what are the predicted strategies and profits? Set up a game box or tree and explain your reasoning.
b) Give an example of a different profit outcome that would lead to a different Nash Equilibrium. (From this, you can see that sometimes deterrence is effective and sometimes it isn’t, depending on the profits).
Refer to the normal-form game of price competition in the payoff matrix below
Firm B
Low Price
High Price
Firm A
Low Price
0, 0
50, −10
High Price
−10, 50
20, 20
Suppose the game is infinitely repeated, and the interest rate is 20 percent. Both firms agree to charge a high price, provided no player has charged a low price in the past. This collusive outcome will be implemented with a trigger strategy that states that if any firm cheats, then the agreement is no longer valid, and each firm may make independent decisions. Will the trigger strategy be effective in implementing the collusive agreement? Please explain and show all necessary calculations.
Consider a situation where two firms, 1 and 2, compete by choosing prices simultaneously. They can either compete (charge a low price) or cooperate (collude, charging a high price). The firms play this competition game repeatedly and indefinitely, using a grim trigger strategy to incentivize cooperation. They use the same interest rate, i , to discount future payoffs. Payoffs are $4,050 when both firms cooperate and $3,600 when they compete. If one firm charge a low price while the other charges a high price, the firm charging the low price gets $7,200, and the other gets zero. Which of the following statements is correct?(a) For any i < 1/7 the firms will cooperate(b) For any i > 1/8 the firms will cooperate(c) For i = 1/9 the firms will be indifferent between cooperating or competing(d) There is no way to sustain cooperation in this scenario
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- Two firms, Firm 1 and Firm 2 are considering simultaneously developing a new product for a market. The costs of developing the product are $5m and there will be a total revenue in the market of only $60m if only one of the firms develops the product. If both firms do not develop the product then there will be a total of $90m available in revenue from the market and Firm 1 will receive 60% of the market share and Firm 2 will receive 40% of the market share. a) Capture this entry game in a payoff matrix b) What is the Nash equilibrium c) Does either firm have a dominant strategy? plz answer me as soon as possiblearrow_forwardSuppose that two firms, firm A and firm B, are competing in the market. Assume that each firm has two strategies available: “no promotion” and “extensive promotion”. If both firms choose “no promotion”, each firm will get a payoff of 8000. If both firms choose “extensive promotion”, each firm will get a payoff of 5000. If one firm chooses “no promotion” and the other firm chooses “extensive promotion”, the firm that chooses “no promotion” will get a payoff of 4000 and the firm that chooses “extensive promotion” will get a payoff of 10000.a. Assume the game is a 2-players one-shot simultaneous game, please develop the normal form of this game by showing the players, the strategies and the payoffs. b. Follow part (a), determine the dominant strategy of firm A. c. Follow part (a), determine the dominant strategy of firm B. d. Follow part (a), determine the equilibrium of this game. e. If the game becomes an infinitely repeated game, what do you expect to happen?arrow_forwardTwo car producers, Firm A operates in Country A and Firm B operates in Country B, are considering producing a new 8-seater Multi-Purpose Vehicle (MPV)for the international market. The payoff matrix is as follows (payoff values are in millions of dollars). The above payoffs imply that the international market demand is large enough to support only one producer. If both firms produce, both will sustain a loss. (i) Explain and solve for the Nash equilibrium in this game. (ii) Suppose the government of Country A decides to subsidise Firm A with $25 million if it produces. Revise the payoff matrix to account for this subsidy. What is the new equilibrium outcome? Compare the two outcomes and discuss the effect of the subsidy.arrow_forward
- Two gas stations, A and B, are locked in a price war. Each player has the option of raising its price (R) or continuing to charge the low price (C). They will choose strategies simultaneously. If both choose C, they will both suffer a loss of $100. If one chooses R and the other chooses C, (i) the one that chooses R loses many of its customers and earns $0, and (ii) the one that chooses C wins many new customers and earns $1000. If they both choose R, the price war ends and they each earn $500. Does player b have a dominant strategy? Explain. What course of action will player A and B choose?arrow_forwardTwo gas stations, A and B, are locked in a price war. Each player has the option of raising its price (R) or continuing to charge the low price (C). They will choose strategies simultaneously. If both choose C, they will both suffer a loss of $100. If one chooses R and the other chooses C, (i) the one that chooses R loses many of its customers and earns $0, and (ii) the one that chooses C wins many new customers and earns $1000. If they both choose R, the price war ends and they each earn $500. Draw the payoff matrix for this game. What is the optimal strategy? Does player A have a dominant strategy? Explain. Does player B have a dominant strategy? Explain How many Nash equilibria does this game have ? what course of action will player A & B choose?arrow_forwardTwo gas stations, A and B, are locked in a price war. Each player has the option of raising its price (R) or continuing to charge the low price (C). They will choose strategies simultaneously. If both choose C, they will both suffer a loss of $100. If one chooses R and the other chooses C, (i) the one that chooses R loses many of its customers and earns $0, and (ii) the one that chooses C wins many new customers and earns $1000. If they both choose R, the price war ends and they each earn $500. 1. Draw the payoff matrix for this game. B B R C A R (500,500) (0,1000) A C (1,000,0) (-100,-100) 2. What is the optimal strategy? R for A and R for B 3. Does player A have a dominant strategy? Explain. No player A doesn't have a dominant strategy. If player B chooses R, A's best response is to settle on C. If B chooses C, A's best response is to choose C. Since there is no single best response, A does not have a dominant strategy. 4. Does player…arrow_forward
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