Microbiology: A Systems Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259706615
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 15, Problem 1VC
Summary Introduction
Toindicate:
The stage, in the given figure, where vaccination would be more effective and where natural infection would play a role.
Concept introduction:
The primary response is generated when the body first exposed to an antigen. It is characterized by the IgM and IgE. The secondary response or memory response is generated, when the body subsequently exposed to the same antigen antibodies appears in a very high amount. The antibodies generated are primarily IgG and memory B cells.
Vaccine was first discovered by the Edward Jenner. Vaccine is a biological preparation thathelps in the formation of active acquired immunity, to a particular disease. A vaccine accounts for disease-causing microbes. It is prepared by an antigenic substance or by the attenuated causative agents.
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*Passive immunity______.
Group of answer choices
requires exposure to an antigen
may be obtained by taking antibiotics
results in the production of memory cells
is the result of vaccination
All of these are correct
*Which of the following is not a characteristic of immediate hypersensitivity?
Group of answer choices
excessive inflammatory response
activation by harmless antigens
activation of basophils
secretion of lymphokines
Match each of the listed characters below to the innate or adaptive immune system.
1) Fully formed at birth
2) Includes barrier tissues and macrophages, among other defenses.
3) Recognizes molecular patterns that are shared across many pathogens.
4) Serves as the first line of defense.
5) Continues to develop with exposure to new pathogens.
6) Recognizes specific (unique) pathogen peptides.
7) Includes a 'memory' that leads to immunity by recognizing threats that have previously invaded the body.
8) Involves T cells, B cells, and antibodies.
Here is the options:
a) innate immune system.
b) adaptive immune system.
Which of the following steps are part of the processing of antigen by immune cells? Select all that apply.
Chapter 15 Solutions
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
Ch. 15.1 - Describe how the third line of defense is...Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 2AYPCh. 15.1 - Discuss four major functions of immune system...Ch. 15.1 - Define the role of the major histocompatibility...Ch. 15.1 - Compare and contrast the process of antigen...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 15.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 15.2 - Outline the processes of clonal selection and...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 9AYPCh. 15.3 - Compare the terms antigen and epitope.
Ch. 15.3 - List characteristics of antigens that optimize...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 15.3 - List the types of cells that can act as...Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 15.4 - Diagram the steps of B-cell activation, and list...Ch. 15.5 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 15.5 - Explain the role of cytotoxic T cells in...Ch. 15.6 - Diagram an antibody binding antigen, and list the...Ch. 15.6 - List the five types of antibodies and important...Ch. 15.6 - Draw and label a graph illustrating the...Ch. 15.7 - Prob. 21AYPCh. 15.7 - Discuss the qualities of an effective vaccine.Ch. 15.7 - List several types of vaccines, and discuss how...Ch. 15.7 - Explain the principle of herd immunity and the...Ch. 15 - The primary B-cell receptor is a. IgD. b. IgA. c....Ch. 15 - In humans. B cells mature in the _________, and T...Ch. 15 - Small, simple molecules are ________ antigens. a....Ch. 15 - The cross-linkage of antigens by antibodies is...Ch. 15 - T cells assist in the functions of certain B cells...Ch. 15 - TC cells are important in controlling a. virus...Ch. 15 - Which of the following can serve as...Ch. 15 - A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called...Ch. 15 - Conjugated vaccines combine antigens and a....Ch. 15 - Widespread immunity that protects the population...Ch. 15 - Cell surface markers are also often called...Ch. 15 - Antibodies are secreted by monocytes.Ch. 15 - Vaccination could be described as artificial...Ch. 15 - IgE antibodies are found in body secretions.Ch. 15 - Prob. 15TFCh. 15 - Explain the two main features that characterize...Ch. 15 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 15 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 15 - Provide an explanation to refute the following...Ch. 15 - a. Explain how the anamnestic response is...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1VCCh. 15 - Using the words that follow, please create a...
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- The four characteristics of adaptive immunity include all of the following except a. activation by a specific antigen. b. memory. c. production of clones of cells that have the same TCR or BCR. d. effective against a wide array of pathogens.arrow_forwardAntibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity would be an important adaptive immune response to which of the following? Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices A dog infected with heartworms A human adult infected with a virus A pet rabbit with a fungal infection A child infected with Ascaris hookwormsarrow_forwardProponents of breast feeding often cite the passing of antibodies to the infant as a benefit. This type of immunity would be considered Group of answer choices natural active immunity. natural passive immunity. artificial active immunity. artificial passive immunity. vaccination.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT an example of non-specific (innate) resistance mechanisms interacting directly with specific acquired immunity mechanisms? what option below is the answer? Antibodies binding to bacterial surface antigens, coating (opsonizing) the bacteria and enhancing their phagocytosis by leukocytes Macrophages and dendritic cells presenting antigens to lymphocytes None of the other four answers (All are examples of interaction between innate and acquired resistance) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Complement being activated by antigen-antibody bindingarrow_forwardExplain the difference between basic T cells and B cells as they relate to a vaccine. Additionally, briefly explain the interplay between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and the inflammatory mediators.arrow_forwardWhich of the following occurs during an active immunization? Effector and memory cells do not form. A preparation of antibodies is provided to an individual who was already exposed to a lethal agent. A preparation of a specific antigen is provided to a patient to induce immunity by forming effector and memory cells.arrow_forward
- Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A vaccine is effective because a. The vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection. b. The vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection. c. The secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response. d. B lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the immune system? Check all that apply. CD4 T Cells kill infection cell efficiently, whereas CD8 T cells only make cytokins Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs and spleen and lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs Dendritic cells (DC) are the professional antigen presenting cells, whereas macrophages and B cells can present antigen for the second time. Immune response occurs mainly in the secondary lymphoid organs DC present antigens to T cells in the context of MHC, whereas B cells see antigens on their own in native conformational formarrow_forwardMark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct is to make a true statement. a. In the primary immune response, the lag phase lasts about 5 days, during which time B cells proliferate and differentiate. b. The secondary immune response is mediated by plasma cells. c. Subunit vaccines consist of pathogens that are alive but unable to cause disease. d. Vaccinations are given to induce the production of the inflammatory responsearrow_forward
- Using words and arrows, complete a flow outline of an immune response, beginning with entrance of antigen; start with the response of the innate immune system, describe antigen processing, cell interaction, involvement of cytokines, and the end results for B and T cells.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the most common infections in individuals with defects in cell-mediated immune response and those with defects in humoral immune response.arrow_forwardThe Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Compare the general inflammatory response, the complement system, and the specific immune response.arrow_forward
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