Concept explainers
Vitamin E is the name for a set of chemically related tocopherols, which are lipid
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Chapter 15 Solutions
Study Guide And Solutions Manual For Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach
- Homocystinuria is caused by a defect in cystathionine beta-synthase (or 13-synthase), which leads to an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood. This accumulation causes symptoms such as a tall, thin frame, flushed cheeks, and osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). These individuals should limit their intake of proteins that contain methionine, such as egg whites. Using your understanding of biochemistry, explain why people with Homocystinuria should not consume egg whites and other such proteins.arrow_forwardThe following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes, starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole. (a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in excessiveurinary excretion of what compound?(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfully treatedby injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kind ofgenetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessive urinaryexcretion of what amino acid?arrow_forward3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is a very long name for the enzyme that is involved in the production of cholesterol in the human liver. The enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which electrons are exchanged between reactants to form products. This an example of which of the following chemical reactions that are involved in maintaining homeostasis? HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a catabolic reaction because electrons are exchanged between the reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a specific type of exchange reaction called an oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are exchanged between reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes an anabolic reaction because electrons are exchanged between the reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a specific type of oxidation-reduction reaction called an exchange reaction in which atoms are exchanged between reactants to form products. Like most enzymes, HMG-CoA reductase…arrow_forward
- Chondroitin sulfate chains have been likened to a large fishnet, allowing small molecules to pass through but excluding large ones. What structural features of chondroitin sulfate and proteoglycans in general are responsible for this phenomenon?arrow_forwardWhat is the biological importance of storing carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles? Why don’t we just accumulate free monosaccharides inside the cells? What is the difference between dietary? Insoluble and soluble fiber? Cite examples of these fibers to justify your answer. Raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose are types of oligosaccharides but are described to be prebiotics. Describe the structure of the three and how they act as prebiotics in the diet. How does the structure and monomer composition affect the degree of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?arrow_forwardIf phenylalanine was not an essential amino acid, would diet therapy (the elimination of phenylalanine from the diet) for PKU work? Do not just say yes or no. Give a short explanation for this hypothetical situation.arrow_forward
- Which folate structure (from the list below)(a) is the substrate for the enzyme that is inhibited by methotrexate andtrimethoprim?(b) has the most highly oxidized one-carbon substituent?(c) is used in the conversion of serine to glycine?(d) transfers its one-carbon substituent to a B12 coenzyme? What amino acid is synthesized as the end result of this reaction?(e) is the coenzyme for the thymidylate synthase reaction?(f) is not known to exist in nature?(g) is used in purine nucleotide synthesis?arrow_forwardThe intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers leads to a two- to fivefold increase in the level of lactate in the blood, a far greater increase than that observed after the infusion of the same amount of glucose. (a) Why is glycolysis more rapid after the infusion of fructose? (b) Fructose has been used in place of glucose for intravenous feeding. Why is this use of fructose unwise?arrow_forwardMany species have a third type of LDH subunit that is found predominantly in the testes. If this subunit, called C, were expressed in other tissues and could combine with the M and H subunits, how many LDH isozymes would be possible? What would their compositions be?arrow_forward
- Fatty acid chains after subjected to degradative enzymes in the intestines are hydrolyzed (hydrolysis) into 2 Carbon acetic acid fragments (Each fragment becomes an acetyl Co-A molecule). What stage of cellular respiration will this product of lipolysis enter? How many ATP can one fragment produce in cellular respiration?arrow_forwardThe formation of the acyl-enzyme complex in chymotrypsin is through a ------------- reaction between.arrow_forwardName three enzymes that are likely the source of bicarbonate ion that is involved with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate? In the Ubiquitin pathway, why are there many more E3 proteins than E1 and E2 combined?arrow_forward
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