Chapter 15, Problem 99E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The terms intermolecular forces and chemical bonds are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids.

Answer to Problem 99E

Chemical bonds are the interaction between atoms and are formed by sharing of electrons. The intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive interaction between atoms or ions without sharing of electrons.

Explanation of Solution

The intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive interaction between neighboring atoms. They are generally physical interaction and no sharing of electrons occurs. The chemical bonds involve mutual attraction between two or more atoms. Chemical bonds are formed by sharing of electrons.

Conclusion

The intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive interaction between atoms or ions without sharing of electrons. Chemical bonds are the interaction between atoms and are formed by sharing of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The terms vapor pressure and equilibrium vapor pressure are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The equilibrium is a state of the chemical reaction in which the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward reaction become the same. There is no net change in the concentration of reactants and products at the equilibrium condition.

Answer to Problem 99E

The equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase. The pressure exerted by the vapor particles of the liquid above it when a liquid is left in open space is known as vapor pressure.

Explanation of Solution

The pressure exerted by the vapor particles of the liquid above it when a liquid is left in open space is known as vapor pressure. There is no equilibrium involved in the case of vapor pressure.

The equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase.

Conclusion

The equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase. Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor particles of the liquid above it when a liquid is left in open space.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The terms molar heat of vaporization and heat of vaporization are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The vaporization of a compound is defined as a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The two types of vaporization that occurs in nature are evaporation and boiling.

Answer to Problem 99E

The molar heat of vaporization is defined as the energy needed to convert one mole of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure. The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a given amount of a liquid into gas at a fixed temperature and pressure

Explanation of Solution

The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a fixed amount of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure. The quantity of liquid needs not to be one mole

Whereas, the molar heat of vaporization is defined as the energy needed to convert one mole of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure

Conclusion

The molar heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert one mole of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure. The heat of vaporization is the energy required to convert a given amount of a liquid into gas a fixed temperature and pressure

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The terms Dipole forces, induced dipole forces, dispersion forces, London forces, and hydrogen bonds are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids.

Answer to Problem 99E

Dipole forces are the attraction between two or more permanent dipoles. The interaction between non-polar molecules with temporary dipoles is known as induced dipole forces.

The difference between dipole forces and the London or dispersion forces is that dipole forces operate between molecules having a dipole moment. The London or dispersion forces operate due to instantaneous dipoles generated in the non-polar molecules.

A hydrogen bond is a type of interaction which occurs between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Explanation of Solution

The intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive interaction between neighboring atoms. They are generally physical interaction and no sharing of electrons occurs.

The attraction between two or more dipole with the positive pole of one molecule and the negative pole of other is known as dipole forces. The interaction between non-polar molecules is known as induced dipole forces.

Dispersion forces are a type of induced dipole forces which occurs between temporary dipoles. The London dispersion force is one of the weakest intermolecular forces. The London dispersion force operates between dipoles generated due to the polarization of the electron clouds.

A hydrogen bond is a type of attractive force which occurs between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Conclusion

The difference between dipole forces and the London or dispersion forces is that dipole forces operate between molecules having a dipole moment. The London or dispersion forces operate due to instantaneous dipoles generated in the non-polar molecules. A hydrogen bond is a type of attractive force which occurs between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The terms evaporation, vaporization, boiling, and condensation are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like boiling point and extent of evaporation.

Answer to Problem 99E

The vaporization involves a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The evaporation is a type of vaporization in which space above the liquid have a very small amount of vapors of the liquid particles and space is not saturated with the vapors. In the boiling process, space above the liquid has more amounts of vapors of the liquid particles and space is saturated with the vapors. In condensation, a phase transition from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase occurs.

Explanation of Solution

The vaporization of a compound is defined as a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The two types of vaporization that occurs in nature are evaporation and boiling.

In evaporation space above the liquid have a very small amount of vapors of the liquid particles and space is not saturated with the vapors. In boiling the space above the liquid have more amount of vapors of the liquid particles and space is saturated with the vapors.

The process of condensation is the opposite of vaporization. In condensation, a phase transition from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase occurs.

Conclusion

The vaporization involves a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The evaporation is the vaporization of liquid in which space above the liquid have a very small amount of vapors of the liquid particles and space is not saturated with the vapors. In the boiling process, space above the liquid has high amounts of vapors of the liquid particles and space is saturated with the vapors. In condensation, a phase transition from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase occurs.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The term fusion and solidification is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like fusion and solidification.

Answer to Problem 99E

The fusion is a process of melting of solid in which a phase transfer from the solid state to the liquid occurs. The process of solidification is the opposite of fusion. In solidification, a phase transfer from the liquid state to the solid state occurs

Explanation of Solution

In the process of fusion, a solid becomes a liquid. The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion. In solidification, a phase transfer from the liquid state to the solid state occurs. During the solidification process, atoms from a liquid begin to bond together to form crystals.

Conclusion

In solidification, a phase transfer from the liquid state to the solid state occurs. In the process of fusion, a solid becomes a liquid.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The terms boiling point and normal boiling point is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like the boiling point of the liquid.

Answer to Problem 99E

The boiling point of the liquid is the temperature at which the liquids start boiling. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at $1\text{atm}$ pressure.

Explanation of Solution

The boiling is a type of vaporization in which space above the liquid have more amount of vapors of the liquid particles and space is saturated with the vapors. The temperature at which the liquids start boiling is known as the boiling point of the liquid. The boiling point at $1\text{atm}$ pressure is known as the normal boiling point.

Conclusion

The temperature at which the liquids start boiling is known as the boiling point of the liquid, whereas the boiling point at $1\text{atm}$ pressure is known as normal boiling point.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The terms amorphous solid, crystalline solid and polycrystalline solid is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like the nature of the solid state.

Answer to Problem 99E

The amorphous solid is not a true solid, it is an intermediate state between the liquid state and the solid state. In crystalline solid, the particles are arranged in three-dimensional arrangements and have a fixed geometry. The polycrystalline solid is formed by compressing many crystalline solid together.

Explanation of Solution

The amorphous solid is an intermediate state between the liquid state and the solid state. It does not have a fixed geometry and a crystalline shape.

In crystalline solid, the particles are arranged in three-dimensional arrangements and have a fixed geometry.

The polycrystalline solid is composed of a large number of crystalline solid compressed together.

Conclusion

In crystalline solid, the particles are arranged in three-dimensional arrangements and have a fixed geometry. The amorphous solid is not a true solid, it is an intermediate state between the liquid state and the solid state. The polycrystalline solid is formed by compressing many crystalline solid together.

Interpretation Introduction

(i)

Interpretation:

The terms ionic, molecular, covalent network and metallic crystals are to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like the nature of the crystal of the solid.

Answer to Problem 99E

The crystals of solid in which the oppositely charged ions are attached together with a strong electrostatic force are known as ionic crystals.

The crystals of solid in which the molecules are held together with weak intermolecular forces are known as molecular crystals.

The crystals of solid in which the atoms are covalently bonded to form a large network of atoms are known as covalent network.

In metallic crystals, a positive ion is surrounded by free moving electrons.

Explanation of Solution

In ionic crystals, the oppositely charged ions are attached together with a strong electrostatic force. The crystals of solid in which the molecules are held together with weak intermolecular forces are known as molecular crystals. In metallic crystals, a positive ion is surrounded by free moving electrons. The crystals of solid in which the atoms are covalently bonded to form a large network of atoms are known as covalent network.

Conclusion

The crystals of solid in which the oppositely charged ions are attached together with a strong electrostatic force are known as ionic crystals. The crystals of solid in which the molecules are held together with weak intermolecular forces are known as molecular crystals. The crystals of solid in which the atoms are covalently bonded to form a large network of atoms are known as covalent network. In metallic crystals, a positive ion is surrounded by free moving electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(j)

Interpretation:

The terms heat of vaporization and heat of condensation is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The vaporization of a compound is defined as a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. The two types of vaporization that occurs in nature are evaporation and boiling.

Answer to Problem 99E

The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a given amount of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure. The heat of condensation is the energy needed to convert a gas into a liquid at a fixed temperature and pressure.

Explanation of Solution

The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a fixed amount of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure. The quantity of liquid needs not to be one mole

Whereas, the molar heat of vaporization is defined as the energy needed to convert one mole of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure.

The process of condensation is the opposite of vaporization. In condensation, a phase transition from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase occurs. The heat of condensation is defined as the energy required to convert a gas into a liquid at a fixed temperature and pressure.

Conclusion

The heat of condensation is the energy needed to convert a gas into a liquid at a fixed temperature and pressure. The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a given amount of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure.

Interpretation Introduction

(k)

Interpretation:

The terms heat of fusion and heat of solidification is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like fusion and solidification.

Answer to Problem 99E

The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion. The heat of solidification is the energy needed for the conversion a liquid to a solid at a fixed pressure.

Explanation of Solution

In the process of fusion, a solid becomes a liquid. The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion. In solidification, a phase transfer from the liquid state to the solid state occurs. During the solidification process, atoms from a liquid begin to bond together to form crystals. The heat of solidification is defined as the energy needed for the conversion a liquid to a solid at a fixed pressure.

Conclusion

The amount of energy required to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion

The heat of solidification is the energy needed for the conversion a liquid to a solid at a fixed pressure.

Interpretation Introduction

(l)

Interpretation:

The terms specific heat, the heat of vaporization and the heat of fusion is to be distinguished in the scientific terms.

Concept introduction:

The intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which exists between molecules and hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. These forces are used to determine the bulk properties of solids and liquids like fusion and vaporization.

Answer to Problem 99E

The specific heat is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of $1\text{g}$ of the substance by 1 degree Celsius. The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a given amount of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure. The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion.

Explanation of Solution

In the process of fusion, a solid becomes a liquid. The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion.

The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a fixed amount of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure. The quantity of liquid needs not to be one mole

Whereas, the molar heat of vaporization is defined as the energy needed to convert one mole of a liquid into a gas at fixed temperature and pressure

The specific heat is the energy needed to raise the temperature of $1\text{g}$ of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Conclusion

The amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid is known as heat of fusion

The specific heat is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of $1\text{g}$ of the substance by 1 degree Celsius. The heat of vaporization is the energy needed to convert a given amount of a liquid into a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure.