Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135755785
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk
Publisher: PEARSON+
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Chapter 16, Problem 3RQ
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How does population size affect the likelihood of changes in allele frequencies by chance alone? Can significant changes in allele frequencies (that is, evolution) occur as a result of genetic drift?
At least one of the discoverers of this genetic equilibrium (Hardy) developed this HW equation to show that the dominant allele will not always take over the population just because that allele has a dominant effect on the phenotype. What additional factor would have to be present to cause a dominant allele to increase to a frequency of 100%? Why is this factor essential for the dominant allele to “take over” the gene pool?
Let’s assume that the marbles are species of praying mantises and that the new environment consists of greenery and many bright red and white flowers
a) Which colors in the genetic drift population would have better fitness in this new environment? Why/how?
b) Which of the colors would have less fitness? Why/how?
c) What would you expect to happen to the allele frequency for the following forms of the gene:
-Green
-Yellow
-Red
-Blue
-Orange
Chapter 16 Solutions
Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 16.1 - define evolution in terms of concepts from...Ch. 16.1 - define equilibrium population and describe the...Ch. 16.2 - If it were true that mutations do occur in...Ch. 16.2 - Explain how the distribution of genotypes in...Ch. 16.2 - A flu vaccination stimulates your immune system to...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 3TCCh. 16.2 - If a population grows large again after a...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 5TCCh. 16.2 - Evolution of a Menace The mutant alleles that...Ch. 16.2 - describe how mutation, gene flow, genetic drift,...
Ch. 16.3 - A team of phys clans treated four patients with...Ch. 16.3 - If we studied a population of bighorn sheep and...Ch. 16.3 - When selection is directional, is there any limit...Ch. 16.3 - describe why selection of phenotypes can affect...Ch. 16.3 - explain how competition and predation influence...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 16.3 - compare and contrast directional selection,...Ch. 16.3 - Microbiologists have discovered that alleles...Ch. 16 - The alleles responsible for antibiotic resistance...Ch. 16 - Stabilizing selection on a trait tends to a. make...Ch. 16 - An adaptation is a. any trait that arises from a...Ch. 16 - Which of the following statements about mutations...Ch. 16 - Genetic drift occurs a. when different phenotypes...Ch. 16 - The ______ provides a simple mathematical model...Ch. 16 - Different versions of the same gene are called...Ch. 16 - An organisms ______ refers to the specific alleles...Ch. 16 - A random form of evolution is called ________....Ch. 16 - Competition is most Intense between members of...Ch. 16 - The evolutionary fitness of an organism is...Ch. 16 - What is a gene pool? How would you determine the...Ch. 16 - Define equilibrium population. Outline the...Ch. 16 - How does population size affect the likelihood of...Ch. 16 - If you measured the allele frequencies of a gene...Ch. 16 - People like to say that you cant prove a negative....Ch. 16 - Describe the three ways in which natural selection...Ch. 16 - What is sexual selection? How is sexual selection...Ch. 16 - In North America, the average height of adult...Ch. 16 - By the 1940s, the whooping crane population had...
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- How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? Drawing on your newly acquired understanding of the HardyWeinberg equilibrium law, point out why the following statement is erroneous: Because most of the people in Sweden have blond hair and blue eyes, the genes for blond hair and blue eyes must be dominant in that population.arrow_forwardHow Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? The MN blood group is a single-gene, two-allele system in which each allele is codominant. Why are such codominant alleles ideal for studies of allele frequencies in a population?arrow_forwardHow Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? In a population where the females have the allelic frequencies A = 0.35 and a = 0.65 and the frequencies for males are A = 0.1 and a = 0.9, how many generations will it take to reach HardyWeinberg equilibrium for both the allelic and the genotypic frequencies? Assume random mating and show the allelic and genotypic frequencies for each generation.arrow_forward
- What Causes Allele Frequencies to Change in Real Populations?arrow_forwardWhat does the Hardy-Weinberg model tell us about the factors that can change allele frequencies in populations and result in evolution? What are those factors, and what effect will they have on a biological population?arrow_forwardA recessive lethal allele has achieved a frequency of 0.22 due to genetic drift in a very small population. Based on natural selection, how would you expect the allele frequencies to change in the next three generations? (Note: Your calculation can assume that genetic drift is not altering allele frequencies in either direction.)arrow_forward
- Why is genetic drift more significant in small populations? Why does it take longer for genetic drift to cause allele fixation in large populations than in small ones?arrow_forwardUnder the above conditions of reproductive discrimination against those with attached earlobes, if the population in this next generation is still 500,000 people, then the new genotypic frequencies will be: Homozygous dominants, unattached ear lobes: 0.34 Heterozygotes, unattached ear lobes: 0.48 Homozygous recessives, attached ear lobes: 0.18 What will be the allele frequencies for L and l in this generation? Did the frequency of the recessive allele (l), as compared to its frequency calculated in Part B, increase or decrease because of its deleterious effects on fitness? Does the possession of the recessive allele kill those who possess it? If those with attached ear lobes continue to be only half as successful in securing mates in each successive generation, what will happen to the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?arrow_forwardWhich type of selection (directional, disruptive, stabilizing) changes the overall average phenotype in a population? How does it do this? What does "additive” mean? Why aren't dominant and epistatic variances considered to be additive?arrow_forward
- Describe how the phenotype of individuals with sickle-cell disease influences how common the HbS allele is in the population: Do individuals with sickle-cell disease typically have many offspring? What effect does the fact that individuals with sickle-cell disease do not produce many offspring have on the frequency of the HbS allele in the population over time? Given this, do you expect the HbS allele to be common or rare in populations?arrow_forwardA population with allele frequencies p=0.6 and q=0.4 is subjected to selection against the dominant allele. If selection is completely effective (W11=0, W12=0, W22=1), what will be the frequency of the dominant allele in the next generation?arrow_forwardIs it likely that the selection coefficient (s) is similar in value for the three populations shown? Is it important to know if the amount of genetic variation for the trait under selection is approximately equal in all three populations in the graph? Why or why not?arrow_forward
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