Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 8TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Every organism has a definite body pattern. There are two classes of genes, namely, housekeeping genes and expression genes, which control the development of body parts of an organism. These are maternal effect genes and segmentation genes. These genes encode proteins that regulate the gene expression.
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Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes?
A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte
B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo
C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo
You found a strain of mutant fruit flies (Drosophila) living on the rotten bananas in your dorm room. You notice that many of the larvae have abnormal abdominal segments. You want to know if the “abdomenless” mutation is a maternal effect gene. Describe an experiment you would do to determine this, and the results that would support and contradict the notion that the abdomenless gene encodes a maternal determinant.
Developmental genes are often highly conserved. However, organisms with very similar genes can appear quite different. How is this possible?
A. The genes may usually undergo mutation during development, resulting in the production of varied proteins in individual cells.
B. If an identical gene is turned on at different stages in development, it can have very different effects.
C. Even if genes are quite similar, they always produce proteins with different functions.
D. If the genes are very similar, they must always be expressed similarly (at similar times in development) but may sometimes still have varying effects.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 16.1 - Suppose the lacl gene is mutated so that the Lac...Ch. 16.1 - Answer the equivalent question for the trp operon:...Ch. 16.2 - What is the role of histones in gene expression?...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 4SBCh. 16 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16 - For the E. coli lac operon, when lactose is...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 16 - Discuss Concepts In a mutant strain of E. coli,...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 16 - Design an experiment using rats as the model...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 4ITD
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- When in fruit fly development does axes development begin? A. in the unfertilized egg stage when maternal effect genes deposit mRNA and proteins in specific locations B. in the early embryo stage when induction signals between neighboring cells identify where the cells are in three-dimensional space C. in the larval stage when body segments appear, and pattern formation is evident D. in the pupal stage when a gradient of morphogens is establishedarrow_forwardAbsence of bicoid mRNA from a Drosophila egg leads to theabsence of anterior larval body parts and mirror-imageduplication of posterior parts. This is evidence that the productof the bicoid gene(A) normally leads to formation of head structures.(B) normally leads to formation of tail structures.(C) is transcribed in the early embryo.(D) is a protein present in all head structures.arrow_forwardThe anterior structure of the Drosophila is promoted by which of the following events?* a. nanos proteins block the transcription of the caudal gene. b. caudal proteins promote the transcription of the bicoid gene. c. bicoid proteins promote transcription of the hunchback gene. d. hunchback proteins block the transcription of the caudal gene. The posterior structures of the Drosophila is promoted by which of the following events?* a. caudal proteins block the transcription of the bicoid gene. b. bicoid proteins block transcription of the hunchback gene. c. nanos proteins promote the transcription of the caudal gene. d. hunchback proteins promote the transcription of the caudal gene.arrow_forward
- According to the Lyon hypothesis,a. one of the X chromosomes is converted to a Barr body insomatic cells of female mammals.b. one of the X chromosomes is converted to a Barr body in allcells of female mammals.c. both of the X chromosomes are converted to Barr bodies insomatic cells of female mammals.d. both of the X chromosomes are converted to Barr bodies inall cells of female mammals.arrow_forwardIn the late 1980s, this gradient hypothesis was united with a genetic approach to the study of Drosophila embryogenesis. If there were gradients, what were the morphogens whose concentrations changed over space?arrow_forwardScientists have cloned some animals by injecting a nucleus from an early embryo into an enucleated egg cell. Does this outcome demonstrate that genetic material is not lost during development? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- given a situation in which you manipulated a zebrafish embryo by injecting high levels of retinoic acid so that no anterior genes will be expressed. Surprisingly, after embryonic development, you are still able to observed the presence of anterior structures. What could explain this observation? What changes in your experiment would you make to achieve your objective?arrow_forwardGunter Korge examined several proteins that are secreted from the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster during larval development . One protein, called protein fraction 4, was encoded by a gene found by deletion mapping to be located on the X chromosome at position 3C. Korge observed that, about 5 hours before the first synthesis of protein fraction 4, an expanded and puffed-out region formed on the X chromosome at position 3C. This chromosome puff disappeared before the end of the third larval instar stage, when the synthesis of protein fraction 4 ceased. He observed that there was no puff at position 3C in a special strain of flies that lacked secretion of protein fraction 4. Explain these results. What is the chromosome puff at region 3, and why does its appearance and disappearance roughly coincide with the secretion of protein fraction 4?arrow_forwardIn recent years, techniques have been developed to clone mammals through a process called nuclear transfer, in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to an egg cell from which the nuclear material has been removed . Research has demonstrated that when a nucleus from a differentiated somatic cell is transferred to an eggcell, only a small percentage of the resulting embryos complete development, and many of those that do die shortly after birth. In contrast, when a nucleus from an undifferentiated embryonic stem cell is transferred to an egg cell, the percentage of embryos that complete development is significantly higher (W. M. Rideout, K. Eggan, and R. Jaenisch. 2001. Science 293:1095–1098). Propose a possible reason for why a higher percentage of cloned embryos develop successfully when the nucleus transferred comes from an undifferentiated embryonic stem cell.arrow_forward
- In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.arrow_forwardWhy is it easier to manipulate embryonic stem cells to differentiate into various tissues than it is to manipulate a typical adult cell? a. As cells develop, signaling pathways can cause some genes to be turned off during development. b. Adult cells have different DNA content than do embryonic stem cells. c. Emybronic stem cells pose less of a threat for organ rejection as do an individual s own adult cells. d. It is no easier to manipulate emybronic stem cells to differentiate into various tissues than it is to manipulate a typical adult cell.arrow_forwardHow does the chromosomal genetic system in animals permit both precise control of gene content and expression in cells and an opportunity for enormous amounts of genetic variation?arrow_forward
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