The advantages of arranging the enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of the acetyl CoA from pyruvate into a single large complex. Concept introduction: Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex is required for the linking of glycolysis and TCA. The five enzymes which form the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, Kinase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, and phosphatase. It helps in the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA then enters into the series of the citric acid cycle.

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Chapter 17, Problem 11P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The advantages of arranging the enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of the acetyl CoA from pyruvate into a single large complex.

Concept introduction:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex is required for the linking of glycolysis and TCA. The five enzymes which form the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, Kinase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, and phosphatase. It helps in the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA then enters into the series of the citric acid cycle.

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Help filling in the blanks: The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…