To analyze:
A sea slug Elysia chlorotica acquires chloroplasts by consuming an algal food source, Vaucheria litorea. The ingested chloroplasts in sea slug’s digestive epithelium carry out active photosynthesis for months after ingestion. The algal nuclear genome encodes more than
Determine whether the sea slug has attain photosynthetic genes by horizontal gene transfer from its algal food source. Write down the steps required, and their plausibility, for heritable endosymbiosis to eventuate.
Introduction:
Elysia chlorotica is a small green slug, which shows kleptoplasty. Kleptoplasty is the phenomenon in which some slugs use chloroplast from the algae. Elysia chlorotica shows the symbiotic association with the chloroplasts of marine Vaucheria litorea.
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GENETIC ANALYSIS: INTEGRATED - ACCESS
- You are studying the M-cyclin. You treat mitotic cells with an inhibitor of the proteasome and find that M-cyclin is no longer degraded and that this prolongs mitosis. You also find that in the presence of the inhibitor, M-cyclin is now running slower/larger in a Western than you have previously observed. In 1-2 sentences, explain why this might be happening. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt Paragraph B IU Αν S A C I AT²✓ #tv A MacBook Air X : Garrow_forwardIn a particular plant species, 2n=12. For this organism, how many chromosomes, and how many DNA molecules will be present per cell for each of the following? a) leaf in cell G1 b) leaf cell in G2 c)root meristem cell in metaphase of mitosis d) root meristem cell in anaphase of mitosis e) root meristem cell in telophase of mitosis (cytokinesis complete) f) microspore mother cell (in anther) in prophase 1 of meiosis g) microspore mother cell in metaphase II of meiosis h) pollen grain ( after meiosis is and cytokinesis complete)arrow_forwardDescribe in details about chloroplast psbA genearrow_forward
- A mutant haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast) called cox2-1 was found that was unable togrow on media containing glycerol as the sole sourceof carbon and energy. (Glycerol is a nonfermentablesubstrate for yeast.) This strain could, however, growon the fermentable substrate glucose. Researchers discovered that cox2-1 cells lack a mitochondrial proteincalled cytochrome c oxidase.a. Explain why cox2-1 cells can grow on mediumcontaining glucose but not on glycerol medium.arrow_forwardA mutant haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast) called cox2-1 was found that was unable togrow on media containing glycerol as the sole sourceof carbon and energy. (Glycerol is a nonfermentablesubstrate for yeast.) This strain could, however, growon the fermentable substrate glucose. Researchers discovered that cox2-1 cells lack a mitochondrial proteincalled cytochrome c oxidase.a. Explain why cox2-1 cells can grow on mediumcontaining glucose but not on glycerol medium.b. When cox2-1 was crossed with a wild-type yeaststrain and the resultant diploid cells were allowedto grow mitotically, it was found that about half thediploid clones were able to grow on glycerol, whilethe other half could not. The diploid clones thatcould grow on glycerol were induced to sporulate,and they yielded tetrads with four spores that wereall able to grow on glycerol medium. In all of thesetetrads, two of the haploid progeny were of matingtype a and two of mating type α. The diploids thatcould not…arrow_forwardWoolly mammoths have been extinct for about 4,000 years, but we often find their well-preserved remains in Siberian permafrost. Research groups are now planning to use SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) to resurrect these huge elephant-like mammals. No mammoth eggs have been recovered yet, so elephant eggs would be used instead. An elephant would also be the surrogate mother for the resulting embryo. The researchers may try a modified SCNT technique used to clone a mouse that had been dead and frozen for sixteen years. Ice crystals that form during freezing break up cell membranes, so cells from the frozen mouse were in bad shape. Their DNA was transferred into donor mouse eggs, and cells from the resulting embryos were fused with undifferentiated mouse cells. Four healthy clones were born from the hybrid embryos. What are some of the pros and cons of cloning an extinct animal?arrow_forward
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- Domestic dogs are closely related to wolves. Wolves have one copy of the gene that encodes the enzyme amylase. Amylase is required to digest starch. Dogs have between 4 and 30 copies of this gene. Explain how the new copies arose in the genome of the domestic dog. Compare this to the evolution of lactase persistence in humans. Explain how the diet and environment of a dog compared to a wolf would result in fixation of the duplicated gene. What possible explanation is there for the variation of copy number among dog breeds?arrow_forwardLeber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a disease that involves degeneration of neural cells in the retina and results in loss of central vision. The disease is caused by mutations in any one of three genes in the mitochondrial genome that encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. In a genetic counseling clinic, a woman and her husband seek advice on the potential that any of their children would be afflicted with LHON. The husband's mother and father, both exhibit symptoms of the disease, but the woman does not. What is a reasonable advising statement to make? a. The couple should be advised that all of their children are likely to display symptoms of LHON. b. There is not enough information to advise this couple. c. The couple should be advised that none of their children will be affected. d. The couple should be advised that all their male children will display symptoms of LHON, but female children will be unaffected. e. The couple should be…arrow_forwardLeber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a disease that involves degeneration of neural cells in the retina and results in loss of central vision. The disease is caused by mutations in any one of three genes in the mitochondrial genome that encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. In a genetic counseling clinic, a woman and her husband seek advice on the potential that any of their children would be afflicted with LHON. The husband's mother and father, both exhibit symptoms of the disease, but the woman does not. What is a reasonable advising statement to make? There is not enough information to advise this couple. a. The couple should be advised that all of their children are likely to display symptoms of LHON. b. The couple should be advised that all their female children will display symptoms of LHON, but male children will be unaffected. C. The couple should be advised that all their male children will display symptoms of LHON, but female children will be…arrow_forward
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