Concept explainers
Introduction:
An allergic reaction is caused by type 1 hypersensitivity in which IgE antibody is involved. It is a rapid response to immune. Allergic reactions can be prevented through many pathways, but the simplest process is to identify and avoid the particular allergen causing that allergy. As it is not convenient, alternative pathways are used. Desensitization is the process that involves repeated injections of a particular antigen to a person first in diluted form and then slowly increasing the concentration of allergen making the person less sensitive, production of IgG that binds with allergen coating and removing it before IgE binds to it. IgE response is suppressed by cytokines released by activated T cells.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 17 Solutions
NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY-ACCESS
- The figure above depicts an antibody. For the labeled areas, which statement among A-D is not correct? A) O Mature, functional IgA antibodies possess a total of two sites labeled A B) O Your IgM antibodies are all similar in these areas: A C) O During opsonization, area B would bind to a bacterium D) O Your IgD antibodies are all different in this area: B 111 E) O None are matched correctly. B.arrow_forwardSelect all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. a) Group of answer choices b) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. c) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell d) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. e) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. f) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.arrow_forwardWhich antibody type description among A- D is falsely characterized? A) O IgA: form dimers; prevent adherence of pathogens to mucosal surfaces 1f1 B) O IgG: circulating antibody with multiple functions; formed in high numbers in secondary antibody response C) O IgM: forms multimers whose function is agglutination of infectious microbes D) O IgE, IgD: carry out their function while bound to the surfaces of specific cell types E) O None are false, A-D are all correctarrow_forward
- Surface markers on pathogens are sometimes referred to as: A) PRRs B) TLRs C) PAMPs D) Fc receptors E) none of thesearrow_forwardAn adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15arrow_forwardFor the following questions, specify which immunoglobulin is being described, according to the following key: a) IgA b) IgE c) IgG d) IgM e) more than one 33) Produced early in infection with high avidity 34) Labeled "secretory* 35) Most associated with parasitic infection 36) Generally produced most prominently following clearance of initial infection 37) Pentameric 38) Capable of forming a hybridoma 39) Associated with mast cell activation 40) Found predominantly in mucus secretionsarrow_forward
- Superantigensa) are exceptionally large antigen molecules.b) cause a very large antibody response.c) elicit a response from a large number of T cells.d) attach non-specifically to B-cell receptors.e) assist in a protective immune response.arrow_forward1. During an HIV infection, a doctor would expect which of these cytokines to be most elevated? A) TGF-B B) IL-8 C) IFNY D) IL-1arrow_forward3) Name each of these cells. A) These immune cells make antibodies. B) These phagocytes destroy helminths and fungi and play a role in allergies. C) These lymphocytes play a role in the innate response to kill virally infected cells and cancer cells. D) These innate cells are phagocytes that present and activate T cells and activate wound repair. E) These granulocytes are the first cells from the blood to the site of infection. F) These phagocytes present antigens to naïve mature T cells.arrow_forward
- Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. ( select all the correct answers) Group of answer choices a) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. b) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell c) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. d) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. e) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.arrow_forward7. The major innate cell type to eliminate viral-infected cells are A). NK cells B). Neutrophils C). Macrophages D). Dendritic cells E). Tc cells. 8. Antibodies in the serum were secreted from A). TH cells B). Plasma cells C). Antigen presenting cells D). Naïve B cells E). Mature B cells 9. Which can initiate anti-viral responses? A). Tal cytokines released by epithelial cells. B). TH1 cytokines released by B cells. C). TH2 cytokines released by NK cells. D). TH17 cytokines released by basophils. E). All of the above.arrow_forwardWhich is not a direct consequence of an antibody antigen interaction? A) O clump or agglutinate antigens B) O neutralization of toxin C) O prevent adherence of pathogens D) O stimulation of B cells E) O all the above are consequences of an antibody antigen interactionarrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education