Organic Chemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305080485
Author: John E. McMurry
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 20.4, Problem 8P
The pKa of p-cyclopropylbenzoic acid is 4.45. Is cyclopropylbenzene likely to be more reactive or less reactive than benzene toward electrophilic bromination? Explain.
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Substituted phenols show substituent effects similiar to substituted benzoic acids. Should the pKa of phenol A, one of the naturally occurring phenols called urushiols isolated from poison ivy, be higher or lower than the pKa of phenol (C6H5OH, pKa = 10)? Explain.
Use the four compounds shown below to answer the following questions:
a. Why are the ortho-halo-substituted benzoic acids stronger acids than benzoic acid?b. Why is o-fluorobenzoic acid the weakest of the ortho-halo-substituted benzoic acids?c. Why do o-chlorobenzoic acid and o-bromobenzoic acid have similar pKa values?
Use the four compounds shown below to answer the following questions:
a. Why are the ortho-halo-substituted benzoic acids stronger acids than benzoic acid? b. Why is o-fluorobenzoic acid the weakest of the ortho-halo-substituted benzoic acids? c. Why do o-chlorobenzoic acid and o-bromobenzoic acid have similar pKa values?
Chapter 20 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Ch. 20.1 - Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:Ch. 20.1 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3PCh. 20.2 - The Ka for dichloroacetic acid is 3.32 Ă— 10-2....Ch. 20.3 - Calculate the percentages of dissociated and...Ch. 20.4 - Which would you expect to be a stronger acid, the...Ch. 20.4 - Dicarboxylic acids have two dissociation...Ch. 20.4 - The pKa of p-cyclopropylbenzoic acid is 4.45. Is...Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 9PCh. 20.5 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 11PCh. 20.6 - How might you carry out the following...Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 13PCh. 20.7 - Prob. 14PCh. 20.8 - Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid and...Ch. 20.8 - Prob. 16PCh. 20.SE - Prob. 17VCCh. 20.SE - Prob. 18VCCh. 20.SE - The following carboxylic acid can’t be prepared...Ch. 20.SE - Electrostatic potential maps of anisole and...Ch. 20.SE - Predict the product(s) and provide the mechanism...Ch. 20.SE - Predict the product(s) and provide the mechanism...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 23MPCh. 20.SE - Predict the product(s) and provide the complete...Ch. 20.SE - Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a nitrile to give a...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 26MPCh. 20.SE - Naturally occurring compounds called cyanogenic...Ch. 20.SE - 2-Bromo-6, 6-dimethylcyclohexanone gives 2,...Ch. 20.SE - Naturally occurring compounds called terpenoids,...Ch. 20.SE - In the Ritter reaction, an alkene reacts with a...Ch. 20.SE - Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 32APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 33APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 34APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 35APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 36APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 37APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 38APCh. 20.SE - Calculate the Ka's for the following acids: (a)...Ch. 20.SE - Thioglycolic acid, HSCH2CO2H, a substance used in...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 41APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 42APCh. 20.SE - How could you convert butanoic acid into the...Ch. 20.SE - How could you convert each of the following...Ch. 20.SE - How could you convert butanenitrile into the...Ch. 20.SE - How would you prepare the following compounds from...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 47APCh. 20.SE - Using 13CO2 as your only source of labeled carbon,...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 49APCh. 20.SE - Which method-Grignard carboxylation or nitrile...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 51APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 52APCh. 20.SE - Propose a structure for a compound C6H12O2 that...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 54APCh. 20.SE - How would you use NMR (either 13C or 1H) to...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 56APCh. 20.SE - A chemist in need of 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 58APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 59APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 60APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 61APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 62APCh. 20.SE - Prob. 63APCh. 20.SE - The following pKa values have been measured....Ch. 20.SE - Identify the missing reagents a-f in the following...Ch. 20.SE - Propose a structure for a compound, C4H7N, that...Ch. 20.SE - Prob. 67APCh. 20.SE - The 1H and 13C NMR spectra below belong to a...Ch. 20.SE - Propose structures for carboxylic acids that show...Ch. 20.SE - Carboxylic acids having a second carbonyl group...
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- The hydrocarbon fluorene was treated with potassium t-butoxide in an acid-base reaction, giving the fluorenide anion and t-butyl alcohol. (a) Which way does the equilibrium lie, and by how much? b) What is the proportion of the fluorenide anion to fluorene? (c) Why is fluorene so highly acidic, considering the pKa of an average alkane is above 50?arrow_forwardOne of the heptanedione isomers below has a pka of approximately 9 rather than 20. Which isomer? Why? Draw its conjugate base and offer a full explanation of its acidity.arrow_forwardElectrophilic nitration of benzoic acid gives almost exclusively 3-nitrobenzoic acid. By drawing the appropriate resonance forms of the intermediate cations resulting from attack of [NO2]+, explain this result.arrow_forward
- (a) Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their indicated property :(i) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)(ii) CH3CH2CH (Br) COOH, CH3CH (Br) CH2COOH,(CH3)2CHCOOH, CH3CH2CH2COOH (acid strength)(b) How would you bring about the following conversions :(i) Propanone to Propene (ii) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde(iii) Bromobenzene to 1-phenylethanolarrow_forwardConsider the tetracyclic aromatic compound drawn below, with rings labeled as A, B, C, and (a) Which of the four rings is most reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution? (b) Which of the four rings is least reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution? (c) What are the major produces) formed when this compound is treated with one equivalent of Br2?arrow_forwardThe pKa of protonated acetone is about -7.5, and the pKa of protonated hydroxylamine is 6.0. a. In a reaction with hydroxylamine at pH 4.5, a.what fraction of acetone is present in its acidic, protonated form? b. In a reaction with hydroxylamine at pH 1.5, what fraction of acetone is present in its acidic, protonated form? c. In a reaction with acetone at pH 1.5, what fraction of hydroxylamine is present in its reactive basic form?arrow_forward
- Would you expect 2-Chlorobutanoic acid to have higher or lower pka than 4-Chlorobutanoic acid?arrow_forwardArrange the following compounds in order of increasing reactivity towards electrophilic aromatic substitution: Aniline Benzoic acid Chlorobenzene Ethylbenzenearrow_forwardExplain why pyridine N-oxide G can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution with electrophile E+ to give product H. Include the resonance structures of pyridine N-oxide G to illustrate your answer.arrow_forward
- 1. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing acidity and explain the reason for the arrangement: Ethanoic acid, Butanoic Acid, Benzoic Acid, Salicyclic acid. 2. Arrange the test samples in order of increasing reactivity with sodium bicarbonate? Explain briefly. -Ethanoic acid, Butanoic acid, Benzoic acidarrow_forwardThe sex pheromone of the common house fly has the molecular formula C23H46. It can be synthesized in the lab using the following synthetic sequence. Give the structures of the pheromone and the intermediates A and B. n-C13H27C≡CH + n-butyl lithium → A (C15H27Li) A + n-C8H17Br → B (C23H44) B + H2 with Lindlar catalyst → the pheromonearrow_forwardShown below is the 1H NMR spectrum of the alkyl bromide used to make the phosphonium ylide that reacts with a ketone in a Wittig reaction to form acompound with molecular formula C11H14. What product is obtained from the Wittig reaction?arrow_forward
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