Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319114671
Author: Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 21, Problem 19P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
Reason for the glycogen depletion after strenuous exercise in a mice strain lacking phosphorylase kinase should be explained.
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Explain the Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase by phosphorylase kinase mechanism. What is happening in each step? what are activating nucleophiles and stabilizing intermediates?
How does the activation of AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK) during aerobic exercise foster the switch to fatty acid oxidation for distance running?
After the training of marathon, lactic acid is accumulated in the athlete's thigh muscle.
Compare the physiological functions and Vmax of glycogen phosphorylase in actively working skeletal muscle and that in liver
After vigorous exercise, the athlete faints due to low blood glucose level. A liver biopsy test shows excess amount of glycogen is present in the liver. Suggest with explanation, which type of enzyme is defective in this case.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biochemistry
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- Calculations based on the volume of a glucose residue and the branchingpattern of cellular glycogen indicate that a glycogen molecule could have up to 28 branching tiers before becoming impossibly dense. What are the advantages of such a molecule and why is it not found in vivo?arrow_forwardThe epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?arrow_forwardn your own words and with your own diagrams, describe the catalytic reaction mechanism of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Discuss the functional roles of each member of the catalytic triad plus whatever other residues that you find important. Describe the actual movements of protons, and the making and breaking of bonds. What types of chemistries is the enzyme using? (what is the enzyme doing, in term of reactionarrow_forward
- BIOCHEMISTRY. Could glycerol be used to regenerate the OAA for maintenance of TCA cycle activity? Yes or No? Explain.arrow_forwardThe most common form of malnutrition in children in the world, kwashiorkor, is caused by a diet having ample calories but little protein. The high levels of carbohydrate result in high levels of insulin. What is the effect of high levels of insulin on (a) lipid utilization? (b) protein metabolism? (c) Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have large distended bellies caused by water from the blood leaking into extracellular spaces. Suggest a biochemical basis for this condition.arrow_forwardMULTIPLE CHOICE In patients with Lesch Nyhan Syndrome, purine nucleotides are overproduced and over excreted. The hypoxanthine analogue Allopurinol, which effectively treats gout , has no effect on the severe neurological symptoms of Lesch- Nyhan patients because it does not A. decrease de novo pyrimidine synthesis B. decrease de novo purine synthesis C. decrease urate synthesis D. increase PRPP levels (Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate)arrow_forward
- Researchers investigating the role of fat metabolism in diabetes generated PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) knockout mice. When fed a high fat diet, these mice did not gain extra adipose tissue or display significant weight gain. Explain why this is the case.arrow_forwardThe tortoise and the hare. Why is the regulation of phosphofructokinase by energy charge not as important in the liver as it is in muscle?arrow_forwardA cell where PKBPKB is always active has a mutation that results in the permanent activation of GSK3GSK3. Based on the information in Figure 2, predict the effect of this mutation on the activity of glycogen synthase. Justify your prediction.arrow_forward
- If protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is inhibited does Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 become more active?arrow_forwardDescribe the impact of phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase on its heterotropic regulation. (Don’t need the structural details; focus on the qualitative effects on allostery; be brief and to the point)arrow_forwardThe brain is fueled almost exclusively by glucose. Using this fact, would it be a good idea to express glucose-1-phosphatase in muscle? What type of phenotype would be exhibited by a mouse expressing glucose-1-phosphatase in muscle?arrow_forward
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