(a)
To define: The terms glucose, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glucagon, and glycolysis and the relation between them.
Introduction:
Anabolic pathway is associated with the synthesis of large molecules and catabolic pathway is associated with the breakdown of large molecules.
(b)
To determine: The terms shivering thermogenesis, non-shivering thermogenesis, and diet-induced thermogenesis and the relation between them.
Introduction: Homeostasis is the mechanism of the body by which it maintains a constant temperature throughout the body.
(c)
To determine: The terms lipoproteins, chylomicrons, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and apoproteins and the relation between them.
Introduction: Proteins are the large, complex
(d)
To determine: The terms direct and indirect calorimetry and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolic rate defines the rate of metabolism. It the amount of energy used by a living organism per unit of time.
(e)
To determine: The terms conductive heat loss, radiant heat loss, convective heat loss, and evaporative heat loss and the relation between them.
Introduction: Heat loss from the body takes place by radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
(f)
To determine: The terms absorptive and postabsorptive states and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolism is defined as the all chemical reactions that takes place in the body. The metabolic pathway that synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones is known as an anabolic pathway. The pathway that breaks a large molecule into smaller one is called catabolic pathway.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Arrange the following pathways in order of their occurrence as source of energy for the body during fasting and starvation: 1. glycogenolysis 2. lipid catabolism 3. gluconeogenesis 4. ketogenesisarrow_forwardDefine the relationship between the following terms: glucose, glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.arrow_forwardWhat roles do the first and last steps of glycolysis play in control of carbohydrate metabolism?arrow_forward
- Arrange the following pathways in order of their occurrence as source of energy for the body during fasting and starvation: lipid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, glycogenolysisarrow_forwardDefine glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis. Which is (are) likely to be occurring (a) shortly after a carbohydrate-rich meal, (b) just before waking up in the morning?arrow_forwardDistinguish among the processes of glycogenesis,lipogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.arrow_forward
- Describe the process involved in the hydrolysis reaction for carbohydrates, and name the organ that is responsible for the release of insulin and glucagon.arrow_forwardWhat is the biological function of glycogen? Which type of cells and tissue store glycogen? What are the primary advantages of storage carbohydrates in animals?arrow_forwardMatch the minerals/elements with their functions, and indicate whether each is a major mineral or(1) vitamin A (2) vitamin B1 (thiamine) (3) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) (4) vitamin B3 (niacin) (5) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) (6) vitamin B6 (7) vitamin B7 (biotin) (8) vitamin B9 (folacin) (9) vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) (10) vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (11) vitamin D (12) vitamin E (13) vitamin K A. part of coenzyme A in oxidation of carbohydrates B. coenzyme in ribose synthesis C. necessary for synthesis of visual pigments D. required for synthesis of prothrombin E. required to produce collagen F. required to synthesize nucleic acids G. promotes normal red blood cell production H. plays a role in myelin synthesis I. antioxidant, helps stabilize cell membranes J. promotes development of teeth and bones K. required to produce antibodies L. required for oxidation of glucose M. part of coenzymes to synthesize proteins and fatsa trace element required for nutrition. Functions may be used more…arrow_forward
- What are the 3 macronutrients and how do each provide energy to the body? Define the fed, post-absorptive, fasting, and starved states. Outline changes in the utilization of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and ketone bodies as the body transitions from the fed state to the prolonged starvation state. Describe the impacts of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol on CHO, lipid, and protein metabolism. Describe the major pathways that occur in the liver, muscle, adipose tissue. Describe which hormones exercise tends to increase and potential impacts on pathways we’ve discussed. Describe the cori cycle and the glucose-alanine cycle. Describe differences in primary fuel sources by exercise intensity. Describe classical vs moderate CHO loading in preparation for competition in trained athletes. Simple to the point answers please!arrow_forwardWhat is the consequence of ingesting large quantities of watersoluble vitamins? Fat-soluble vitamins?arrow_forwardWhat health consequence is most likely to result from a diet high in saturated fat and refined sugars ?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning