Interpretation:
Two set of reactions in which phosphate and pyruvate intermediates are present in glycolysis process has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Glycolysis process: This process breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, this whole process generates two ATP’s.
This process serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic
Glucose is a six membered ring molecule founded in the blood and is usually a result of the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Chemistry with Pearson eText -- ValuePack ... and Biological Chemistry (4th Edition)
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- ..a) Draw all of the reactions that occur in the aerobic metabolism of glucose that hydrolyze a thiolester bond. In your answer, include complete structural formulae as well as the names of any cofactors, enzymes, reactants and products. b) Explain why the free energy changes that characterize these reactions are so exergonic. Include a figure in your answer. ( c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would the ATP yield be as a result of the reactions that you've drawn above?arrow_forwardIn glycogenolysis, in the reaction: glu-6-phosphate to glucose. What reaction is involved? Name the enzyme. Identify the two pathways where this enzyme is used.arrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/molarrow_forward
- Fructose-6-phosphate is an important intermediate in glycolysis but it does not necessarily have to enter the pathway as a product of the phosphoglucoisomerase reaction. What are 2 ways used by organisms to make fructose-6-phosphate WITHOUT the phosphoglucoisomerase enzyme? Select one: O a. Phosphorolysis of glycogen to release fructose-6-phosphate. Dephosphorylation of uridine diphosphate by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. O b. Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. Dephosphorylation of fructose bisphosphate by phosphoglycerate kinase. O c. Reversing the phosphofructose kinase reaction. Isomerizing phosphoenol pyruvate with fructose bisphosphate aldolase. O d. Direct phosphorylation of fructose by hexokinase. Phosphorylation of mannose by hexokinase followed by isomerization of mannose-6-phosphate by phosphomannose isomerasearrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…arrow_forwardIndicate the energy yield or cost, in ATP equivalents, for the following processes: (a) glycogen (3 residues) → 6 pyruvate. (b) 3 glucose → 6 pyruvate(c) 6 pyruvate → 3 glucose.arrow_forward
- Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.arrow_forwardIn which of the following metabolic conversions is ATP “generated” during glycolysis? Phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate —> Phosphoenolpyruvate Glucose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate —> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatearrow_forwardHow many ATP are produced from a triglyceride containing three 14 carbon fatty acids? NOTE: Assume that glycerol is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (step 6 of glycolysis).arrow_forward
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