CAMPBELL BIOLOGY >CUSTOM<
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781269960496
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson Reece
Publisher: Pearson Learning Solution
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Chapter 26, Problem 9TYU
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT (a) Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of characters 1-6. (b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin(s) of characters 1-6. (c) Determine how many evolutionary changes are required in each tree. Identify the most parsimonious tree.
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Draw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?
a) Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
c) How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious?
Use figure 20.5 and 20.12 from the Campbell, Biology in focus.
Can you pls explain this to me?
Along comes Dr Phil Bell and deep in the mines of Lightning Ridge, finds an amazingly preserved pterosaur that preserves feathers. He hypothesises that this means that feathers must have evolved before the origin of dinosaurs and therefore must have been primitive. Test this hypothesis using phylogenetic framework and provide a brief explanation of your process and whether or not you support Dr Bell's hypothesis.
Chapter 26 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY >CUSTOM<
Ch. 26.1 - VISUAL SKILLS: Which levels of the classification...Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.2 - Decide whether each of the following pairs of...Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - WHAT IF? Draw a phylogenetic tree that includes...Ch. 26.4 - Explain how comparing proteins of two species can...Ch. 26.4 - WHAT IF? Suppose gene A is orthologous in species...
Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.5 - What is a molecular clock? What assumption...Ch. 26.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.5 - WHAT IF? Suppose a molecular dock dates the...Ch. 26.6 - Why is the kingdom Monera no longer considered a...Ch. 26.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26 - Humans and chimpanzees are sister species. Explain...Ch. 26 - Why is it necessary to distinguish homology from...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.3CRCh. 26 - When reconstructing phylogenies, is it more useful...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.5CRCh. 26 - Prob. 26.6CRCh. 26 - In a comparison of birds and mammals, the...Ch. 26 - To appiy parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS In Figure 26.4, which similarly...Ch. 26 - Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common...Ch. 26 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 26 - If you were using cladistics to build a...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS The relative lengths of the frog and...Ch. 26 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Darwin suggested looking at a...Ch. 26 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT (a) Draw a...Ch. 26 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INFORMATION In a Short essay...Ch. 26 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This West Indian manatee...
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- Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply. A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree. B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor. C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species. D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles. E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forwardEVOLUTION LINK Examine the cladogram in Figure 30-6a. Based on the discussion in this chapter, what were some of the types of data that biologists used to determine these phylogenetic relationships?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree? It provides a drawing the reflects the proven relationships between living and extinct species. b It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between extinct species. c It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between living and extinct species. d It a diagram used by scientists that provides a model of evolutionary relationships without the need for scientific data.arrow_forwardNeed help what is the difference between a gene tree and a species tree? Explain in your own words how it is possible for gorillas and humans to share a genetic trait (such as a retroviral insertion) that chimpanzees do not share, if chimpanzees and humans are really each other's closest relatives. Given the lack of agreement between gene trees and species trees, how is it possible to reconstruct the true species tree?arrow_forwardUsing the picture below, make a phylogenetic tree. Make sure that all seven (7) creatures, including the outgroup, are on the tree and assigned their own branch. Make sure all parts of the tree are properly labeled. Circle the different clades/monophyletic groups (many will be overlapping and that's okay). ALSO, In the lineage leading to each new node, be sure to indicate the shared derived character and how it has changed (e.g., if the synapomorphy was having eyes, we would indicate this on the tree by drawing something like this no eyes > eyes). Don't forget to add the root! Finally, circle all your clades/ monophyletic groups and give them informative names like a good little systematist! Please follow all these steps to create the phylogenetic tree. Do it correctly and completely. Do not use previous versions/answers.arrow_forward
- A phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that ... Group of answer choices A: it shows that all species are not related to a common ancestor, but each has a distinct archetype. B: it represents the time scale of evolution, including where extinct species fit in. C: it uses an outgroup to compare a small group of species that exhibit similar traits D: it is not based on genetic or morphological evidence.arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transferarrow_forward
- To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, (A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. (B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. (C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes,in either DNA sequences or morphology. (D) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.arrow_forwardMake a list of at least 10 morphological characters that you might use to generate a phylogenetic tree of the Caminalcules. Ignore the numbers found next to each Caminalcules- they do not represent who evolved first, second, etc. 2.Construct a phylogenetic tree of relationships (Hint: it may be easiest to cut out the critters so you can move them easily and then paste on them on a paper and draw the branches accordingly). 3.Identify at least 2 recent common ancestors and write at least three critical morphological changes along the branches on which they occurred. For example, did the claws appear (or disappear) as the different species evolved? 4.Take a picture of your phylogenetic tree and submit it with this document. ***Please note, this lab can be frustrating because you are “creating” the evolutionary story of how these critters evolved and who is more closely related to who (or not) along the way. There is no wrong answer since every student will focus on different…arrow_forwardWhen I first studied hominin evolution, they had found "Lucy", an Australopithecus afarensis, and everyone thought her species was an early ancestor of Homo sapien. The picture is much more complicated, with lots of hominins living in close proximity for millions of years...much different than our now singular species. Look at the phylogenetic tree and use it as a guide to briefly describe hominin lines in Africa up to Homo. Do not discuss Homo.Just discuss a sense that you generally can grasp what was going on in Africa with our Genus for 6 or 7 million years!arrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license