Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reason for obesity therapy to not to be a miracle cure for overweight individuals should be explained.
Concept introduction:
Leptin is AN acid amide created by fat cells in response to hormone and governs each intake habits and energy physiological state. a lot of specifically Leptin works by indicating the triglycerol level in adipocytes or fat cells to the central system. This dictates appetence. If a low quantity of Leptin is gift, then appetence will increase and contrariwise. The
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution- Glucagon The function of glucagon is in promoting energy release and inhibiting energy storage in response to low circulating glucose levels, which are largely controlled by insulin [24]. Besides its role in blood–glucose regulation, patients treated with glucagon receptor an tagonists (GRA) often suffer from dyslipidemia, fatty liver and weight gain, suggesting that glucagon play an important role in lipid metabolism [25]. Glucagon acts mainly on the hepatocytes which possess the highest level of glucagon receptors. Following mecha nisms may be involved during this process: (1) At the molecular level, following glucagon binding to its receptor on the hepatocyte, cAMP will be activated and accumulated, which in turn activates cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). As a result, the tran scription of carnitine acyl transferase (CPT-1) increases, which converts fatty acids into acylcarnitine and activates β-oxidation-increasing fatty acid catabolism [26]. In addition,…arrow_forward3. β-oxidation of higher fatty acids:3.1. tissue and intracellular localization of the process3.2. activation of fatty acids3.3. mechanism of fatty acids transport to mitochondria with theparticipation of carnitinearrow_forwardType VI glycogen storage disease (Hers disease) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by lack of phosphorylase kinase in the liver. In your own words describe how each of the following metabolic parameters/observations will be affected/unaffected in a person with Type VI GSD (a) Blood glucose levels, after fasting (e.g. before breakfast). (b) Blood glucose levels, immediately following a meal. (c) Storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles. (d) ATP concentration in the musclesarrow_forward
- Fatty acids from stored triacylglycerols (fat) are not available for gluconeogenesis. Speculate why we do not have the enzymes to directly convert fatty acids into glucose. Plants (especially seeds) do have enzymes to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. Why are they so lucky?arrow_forwardLactose intolerance is caused by reduced production of the enzyme lactase. A variety of digestive system problems, such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease) can also lower the production of lactase. If an individual produces low levels of the enzyme lactase, explain why they might be able to tolerate eating dairy products that contain lower levels of lactose (e.g., hard cheeses, feta cheese, and cottage cheese), but will not be able to tolerate foods with high levels of lactose (e.g., milk).arrow_forwardFor the mutation of the enzyme below, describe the effect it will have on carbohydrate metabolism. Also, make sure to think about the effect it has on muscles versus the liver: Mutation that converted the phosphorylation site serine in fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase to an aspartate. (Hint: aspartate acts as a phosphorylated serine).arrow_forward
- Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 Applying signal transduction mechanisms in the context of Type I and Type II Diabetes. Describe the mechanisms by which a cell receives a message and translates it into short-term or long-term effects. Including the role of phosphorylation and feedback inhibition.arrow_forwardCrohn’s disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have been tested asa means to prevent relapse of Crohn’s disease. Two large,randomized, placebo-controlled studies have shown nosuch benefit from omega-3 fatty acids. Suppose you areasked to design an experiment to further study this claim.Imagine that you have collected data on Crohn’s relapsesin subjects who have used these omega-3 fatty acids and similar subjects who have not used them and that you canmeasure incidences of relapse for these subjects. Statethe null and alternative hypotheses you would use in yourstudy.arrow_forward"Dietary restriction has been shown to have several health benefits including increased insulin sensitivity, stress resistance, reduced morbidity, and increased life span. The mechanism remains unknown, but the need for a long-term reduction in caloric intake to achieve these benefits has been assumed. We report that when C57BL6 mice are maintained on an intermittent fasting (alternate-day fasting) dietary-restriction regimen their overall food intake is not decreased and their body weight is maintained. Nevertheless, intermittent fasting resulted in beneficial effects that met or exceeded those of caloric restriction including reduced serum glucose and insulin levels and increased resistance of neurons in the brain to excitotoxic stress. Intermittent fasting therefore has beneficial effects on glucose regulation and neuronal resistance to injury in these mice that are independent of caloric intake". How to summarize and what's the meaning above the paragraph?arrow_forward
- Chain A of human insulin has ………. amino acids, while chain B has ……….. amino acids. Chain A and chain B are connected by …….. disulfide bonds. C-peptide measurement can be useful clinically for …………………………….. Insulin detemir differs from regular insulin in ……………………., ……………….., and ……………..arrow_forwardPalmitoleic acid, 16:1Δ⁹ hexadecaenoic acid, (16 carbon FA with one double bond )is an important fatty acid component of TAGs and cell membranes. Briefly explain the process of beta oxidation of this fatty acid and the number (only) of FADH, NADH and acetyl CoA outcome. What is the total ATP (only number) generated from this fatty acid after beta oxidation.arrow_forwardIn order for a fatty acid stored in an adipocyte to be oxidized by a muscle cell, which of the following will need to be present/utilized? Check all that apply. Multiple answers can be selected Acyl CoA Synthetase CD36 malate-aspartate shuttle dephosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase GLUT 4arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning