Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 29, Problem 13EQ
A homologous DNA region, which was 20,000 bp in length, was sequenced from four different species. The following numbers of
| Species A | Species B | Species C | Species D | |
| Species A | 0 | 443 | 719 | 465 |
| Species B | 443 | 0 | 744 | 423 |
| Species C | 719 | 744 | 0 | 723 |
| Species D | 465 | 423 | 723 | 0 |
Construct a phylogenetic tree that describes the evolutionary relationships among these four species using the UPGMA method. Your tree should include values that show the percentages of nucleotide substitutions.
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A researcher studying two species (species 1 and species 2) sequences a short stretch of eight codons from the same gene, gene B, in each and compares them. Species 1 and species 2 had a most recent common ancestor 50 million years ago. Species 1: ATC GGG CGG GAC TTA CTA TAT GCC Species 2: ATT GGG CGG GAC TTG CTA TAT GCC Given the differences between the sequences of the two species' genes shown here, what evolutionary force can you predict is most likely in operation on gene B?
There are 27 sequences from 27 individuals belonging to an unidentified group of organisms. Eleven (11) sequences were mined from NCBI while the rest are unpublished sequences from Mindanao. Sequences labeled with "SSL" are from Agusan Marsh while sequences labeled with "CKL/CITLR" and "CWL" are from Camiguin Island and Dinagat Islands respectively. Finally, sequences labeled with "MSLA" are from Mt. Magdiwata. From the nucleotide results and generated phylogenetic tree below:
a) What group of organisms is represented by the phylogenetic tree?
b) Identify the source (species) of each sequence.
c) How many species are present in the generated tree?
d) What species is considered as the outgroup?
e) What genetic marker is utilized to generate the sequences?
f) Which specimen group is more closely related to "SSL"? CKL or MSLA? Justify your answer
h) Based on the results, what possible species name can be assigned to the MSLA group?
Suppose we are sure, because of previous studies, that species 1, 2, and 3 are more closely related to each other than to species 4 (outgroup). We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species. Draw the most parsimonious tree and label each evolutionary change on the tree (Position – new nucleotide; Example = 8T or 6C).
*The answer is below but I do not understand where the numbers or tick marks came from? Could someone explain. For example, why is the 1A on the 2?
Chapter 29 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.1 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.1 - 3. A pair of birds flies to a deserted island and...Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 4COMQCh. 29.2 - 1. Phylogenetic trees are based on
a. natural...Ch. 29.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 29.2 - An approach that is used to construct a...Ch. 29.2 - 4. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which...Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 29.3 - Prob. 2COMQ
Ch. 29.3 - When the chromosomes of closely related species...Ch. 29 - 1. Discuss the two principles on which evolution...Ch. 29 - 2. Evolution, which involves genetic changes in a...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 29 - 5. Would each of the following examples of...Ch. 29 - Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis....Ch. 29 - 7. Describe three or more genetic mechanisms that...Ch. 29 - Explain the type of speciation (allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 29 - Discuss the major differences among allopatric,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 29 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 29 - Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial...Ch. 29 - 15. Which would you expect to exhibit a faster...Ch. 29 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 29 - 17. Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are...Ch. 29 - Take a look at the -globin and -globin amino acid...Ch. 29 - Compare and contrast the neutral theory of...Ch. 29 - Prob. 20CONQCh. 29 - 21. As discussed in Chapter 27, genetic variation...Ch. 29 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 29 - Two populations of snakes are separated by a...Ch. 29 - 2. Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has...Ch. 29 - 3. Two diploid species of closely related frogs,...Ch. 29 - A researcher sequenced a portion of a bacterial...Ch. 29 - F1hybrids between two species of cotton,Gossypium...Ch. 29 - 6. A species of antelope has 20 chromosomes per...Ch. 29 - Prob. 7EQCh. 29 - 8. Prehistoric specimens often contain minute...Ch. 29 - From the results of the experiment of Figure...Ch. 29 - InChapter 23, a technique called fluorescence in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 11EQCh. 29 - 12. Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be...Ch. 29 - 13. A homologous DNA region, which was 20,000 bp...Ch. 29 - Prob. 14EQCh. 29 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 29 - 2. Compare the forms of speciation that are slow...Ch. 29 - 3. Do you think that Darwin would object to the...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Molecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.arrow_forwardExplain the steps for Constructing a species-level phylogenetic tree usingDNA sequences ?arrow_forwardShown above are three possible phylogenetic trees for species I, II and III reconstructed based on the 4-nucleotide DNA sequences given in the righthand table. In every tree, each hatchmark on a branch represents a single base-change event. The most parsimonious tree would be - A. Both X and Y. B. X. C. Y. D. Both Y and Z. E. Z.arrow_forward
- Please help with the following: ______________ can be used to determine the last common ancestor shared by two divergent species. A. Y-chromosome analysis B. VNTR analysis C. Rudolph's admixture hypothesis D. mtDNA analysis E. whole DNA sequencingarrow_forwardWhich of the following best explains why coalescent-based phylogenetic inference is important in the age of phylogenomics? A) Coalescent-based methods directly model gene tree histories independently to infer the species tree in a summary-based manner, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. B) Coalescent-based methods have the most advanced evolutionary models of molecular evolution, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. C) Coalescent-based methods are no more important than other types of phylogenetic inference, even for phylogenomic analyses. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardSince nucleotide sequences are more variable than amino acid sequences, you’ll use GAPDH nucleotide sequences to compare across the six taxa you’re analyzing. Suppose that you used BLAST to align all possible pairs of GAPDH sequences among lancelet, lamprey, bass, frog, turtle, and leopard. You would be able to construct the following table showing the percent similarity values across all six taxa. Leopard Turtle Frog Bass Lamprey Lancelet Leopard 100% 83% 80% 81% 76% 74% Turtle – 100% 79% 79% 74% 72% Frog – – 100% 79% 74% 71% Bass – – – 100% 77% 74% Lamprey – – – – 100% 73% Lancelet – – – – – 100% Now you can use this data (similarly to how you used the data in the character table) to build a phylogenetic tree. The distance between species in a tree is directly related to the amount of similarity between their gene sequences. For instance, two species will be closer together if the amount of similarity is high, or far apart if the amount of similarity is low. Which…arrow_forward
- You compare two strands of mtDNA and discover that there are 3 differences in base pairs between them. Assuming that the mutation rate for the species that you are examining is 1 mutation every 20,000 years, how long ago did the two strands share a common ancestor? Write your answer in xxx,xxx format. These two strands shared a common ancestor _____________ years ago.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best explains the importance of sister taxa for understanding the evolution of ingroup taxa? A) The sister group informs of the likely state of the common ancestor of the ingroup. B) The sister group is composed only of ancestral characters representing a primitive taxon having ancestral states for all characters able to be studied. C) The sister group allows us to infer character state polarity in order to understand how character states have changed during evolution of the ingroup. D) A & B E) A& C F) All of the above.arrow_forwardThree species have the following DNA sequences at a particular region of a gene: Species A: ACGT Species B: ACGT Species C: AGGT An outgroup is AGGT. a. Which two species are most likely to be sister species? b. How do you know?arrow_forward
- Would a protein encoded on the core genome or one encoded only on the pan-genome be best to use in constructing a phylogenetic tree? Explain your answerarrow_forwardReferring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forwardSpecies A and B have long wings, whereas species C has short wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy? A. DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species B. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had short wings C. DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species D. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had long wings E. Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings, whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wingsarrow_forward
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