Concept explainers
You picked up two mice (one female and one male) that had escaped from experimental cages in the animal facility. One mouse is yellow in color, and the other is brown agouti. (Agouti hairs have bands of yellow, while non-agouti hairs are solid-colored.) You know that this mouse colony has animals with different alleles at only three coat color genes: the agouti (A) or non-agouti (a) or yellow (A ) alleles of the A gene (A > A > a; A is a recessive lethal), the black (B) or brown (b) alleles of the B gene (B > b), and the albino (c) or non-albino (C) alleles of the C gene (C > c; cc is epistatic to all other
a. | What alleles of the A, B, and C genes are present in the two mice you caught? |
b. | After raising several litters from these two parents, you have many offspring. How many different coat color phenotypes (in total) do you expect to see expressed in the population of offspring? What are the phenotypes and corresponding genotypes? |
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Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- Eye colors are passed down through generations, but sometimes genetic variations can lead to surprising results in eye colors (dark eye color, still rocks!?) Some examples are found below. Is there truth behind the following? Provide explanations for your answer. Two parents with blue eyes cannot have a brown-eyed child and vice-versa. Eyes with more than one color stems from parents with two different eye colors. People with violet eyes are mutants. People with red or pinkish eye color can have dark-eyed parents.arrow_forwardYou have been tasked by a pharmaceutical company to generate a novel strain of Cannabis sativa for therapeutic purposes. Consider a Cannabis strain with three genes (called gene 1, gene 2 and gene 3) that are on different chromosomes and assort independently. Each gene has two alleles, described below: The T allele for gene 1 is dominant and associated with the trait of producing large amounts of terpenes, and the t allele is recessive and associated with the trait of producing a low amount of terpenes The S allele for gene 2 is dominant and associated with the trait of fast growth, and the s allele is associated with the trait of slow growth The F allele for gene 3 is associated with the trait of producing large flowers, and the f allele is associated with the trait of producing small flowers Assume that an individual plant that is heterozygous for genes 1 and 2, but homozygous ff for gene 3 self-fertilizes. What is the probability of getting a plant that produces a large number of…arrow_forwardYou have been tasked by a pharmaceutical company to generate a novel strain of Cannabis sativa for therapeutic purposes. Consider a Cannabis strain with three genes (called gene 1, gene 2 and gene 3) that are on different chromosomes and assort independently. Each gene has two alleles, described below: The T allele for gene 1 is dominant and associated with the trait of producing a large amounts of terpenes, and the t allele is recessive and associated with the trait of producing a low amount of terpenes The S allele for gene 2 is dominant and associated with the trait of fast growth, and the s allele is associated with the trait of slow growth The F allele for gene 3 is associated with the trait of producing large flowers, and the f allele is associated with the trait of producing small flowers Assume that an individual plant that is heterozygous for genes 1 and 2, but homozygous ff for gene 3 self-fertilizes. What is the probability of getting a plant that produces a large amount…arrow_forward
- Malaria is a leading cause of human illness and mortality worldwide, with 200 million people infected and 600,000 deaths each year. In the 1960s, the incidence of malaria was reduced owing to the use of insecticides that killed mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles, which transmit the disease from person to person. But today, mosquitoes are becoming resistant to insecticides--causing a resurgence in malaria. In this exercise, you will investigate whether alleles encoding resistance to insecticides have been transferred between closely related species of Anopheles. To find out whether transfers have occurred, you will analyze DNA results from two species of mosquitoes that transmit malaria (Anopheles gambiae and A. coluzzii) and from A. gambiae × A. coluzzii hybrids. Resistance to DDT and other insecticides in Anopheles is affected by a sodium channel gene, kdr. The allele r of this gene confers resistance, while the wild type (+/+) genotype is not resistant. Researchers sequenced the kdr…arrow_forwardIn rabbits grey hair is dominant to white & black eyes are dominant to red. -Cross 2 parents who are both heterozygous for both traits. 1st Question to answer ---- How many of the offspring could have grey hair & black eyes? 2nd Question to answer ---- How many of the offspring could have grey hair & red eyes? 3rd Question to answer ---- How many of the offspring could have white hair & black eyes? 4th Question to answer ---- How many of the offspring could have white hair & red eyes?arrow_forwardA genetic cross was made between two types of pea plants. One type produces round and green seeds, while the other type produces wrinkled and yellow seeds. A plant breeder crossed these two types and then allowed the F1 generation to self-fertilize. The following data were obtained: F1 generation: all produce wrinkled and yellow seeds. F2 generation: 157 produce wrinkled and yellow seeds 57 produce wrinkled and green seeds 54 produce round and yellow seeds 20 produce round and green seeds a) Propose a hypothesis that you think is consistent with the observed data. b) Test the goodness of fit between the data and your hypothesis using a chi square test. c) Explain what your calculated chi square results mean.arrow_forward
- When you are visiting the local pet store you start talking to them about their Ceti alpha-5 eel colony. They tell you that some eels have red antennas, some have white antennas, and some have pink antennae. Whenever you cross an eel with red antennae to an eel with white antennae you only recover eels with pink antennae. If you assume antennae color is under the control of one gene and you cross two eels with pink antennae what would you predict would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the progeny? How would you explain these results? (Describe why the expected results from ‘a’ would happen.)arrow_forwardIn genetics, the dash symbol (–) is a “wild card” that stands for either the dominant allele or the recessive allele; for example, A– means the individual has either the genotype AA or Aa. Two genes that undergo independent assortment affect coat color in Duroc pigs. Each gene has two alleles, one of which is dominant for coat color. Genotypes of the form A– B– are red, those of the form A– bb and aa B– are sandy, and genotype aa bb is white. What ratio of red:sandy:white is expected from the cross Aa Bb x Aa Bb?arrow_forwardIn corn the genes for tassel length (alleles T and t) and rust resistance (alleles R and r) are known to be on separate chromosomes. In the course of a routine mating check experiment, a breeder got the following results upon crossing T/t:R/r with a double recessive strain (t/t;r/r): genotype Number of progeny T/t; R/r 98 t/t; r/r 104 T/t; r/r 3 t/t; R/r 5 In addition to these data she noted that the cobs contain only about 50% of the expected kernels. Note that in corn, each kernel is the result of one mating or can be considered one progeny. Hence 50% of the matings are not producing viable offspring. Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the alleles on the parental chromosomes. Based on your hypothesis from part b, reassign genotypes to the progeny classes. Enter your new genotypes into the table above as an additional column. If the karyotype was done on the progeny what unusual feature would be observed?arrow_forward
- In corn the genes for tassel length (alleles T and t) and rust resistance (alleles R and r) are known to be on separate chromosomes. In the course of a routine mating check experiment, a breeder got the following results upon crossing T/t:R/r with a double recessive strain (t/t;r/r): genotype Number of progeny T/t; R/r 98 t/t; r/r 104 T/t; r/r 3 t/t; R/r 5 In addition to these data she noted that the cobs contain only about 50% of the expected kernels. Note that in corn, each kernel is the result of one mating or can be considered one progeny. Hence 50% of the matings are not producing viable offspring. Based on the location of these genes on separate chromosomes what is the expected result? Suggest a hypothesis of a genetic process that could be used to explain the potential karyotype of one of these parents. What are the actual genotypes of the parents?arrow_forwardIf a red flower was mated with white flower, they produced a pink flower, what could you say about the relationship between the alleles of the red and white flowers? show your solution using punnet squarearrow_forwardWhen analyzing the automated DNA fingerprints of a father and his biological daughter, a technician examined 50 peaks and found that 30 of them were a perfect match. In other words, 30 out of 50 peaks, or 60%, were a perfect match. Is this percentage too high, or would you expect a value of only 50%? Explain why or why not.arrow_forward
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