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Puzzling Proteins
All cells use DNA as a blueprint for producing more cells, and viruses use either DNA or RNA. Before the discovery of prions, however, no infectious agent had ever been discovered that completely lacked genetic material composed of
In addition to lacking genetic material, prions also lack another component that all other infectious agents possess: a surrounding membrane. What kinds of molecules are involved in the construction of membranes?
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology Plus Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (11th Edition)
- MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when antibiotics exist that can kill MRSA? MRSA can transfer methicillin-resistance to other bacteria Patients are not treated with correct antibiotics rapidly enough to prevent serious illness MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a “super bug." All of the above.arrow_forwardWhich statement is true of viroids? They are single-stranded RNA particles They reproduce only outside of the cell They produce proteins They affect both plants and animals.arrow_forwardViruses display many of the characteristics of living organisms. In particular, they reproduce, creating new virus particles. During reproduction, viruses make copies of their genetic material, and some of the copies contain mutations that are beneficial to the virus. For example, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) mutates so often that its surface proteins change faster than we can develop antiviral drugs. New drug-resistant strains of HIV are appearing constantly. However, viruses can reproduce only after entering a living cell of an organism, because viruses hijack the cell’s machinery and use it to produce new viruses. Where does that combination of characteristics place viruses on the scale of nonlife to life? Are viruses living organisms? Nonliving? If neither of those categories fits the properties of viruses, how should they be classified?arrow_forward
- 1. Precise words:Find the nonspecific terms in the following sentences. Replace the nonspecific choices with more preciseterms or phrases (It is not necessary to change the sentence structure).(i) All OVE mutants showed enhanced iP concentrations.(ii) Plants were kept in the cold overnight.(iii) To provide proof of concept for our hypothesis, we studied a virus in its host cell.(iv) The present paper reports on continuing experiments that were performed to clarify thissurprising effect.(v) The first transition state is a little lower in energy than the second transition state. 2. Simple words:Improve the word choice in the following examples by replacing the underlined terms or phrases withsimpler word choices (do not change the sentence structure).(i) These data substantiate our hypothesis.(ii) The difference in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted forby the fact that different conditions were used.(iii) For the purpose of discussing cell migration we…arrow_forwardNo explanation needed just the letter of correct answer 2. DNA in cells is damaged: a) Millions of times a day. b) By collisions with other molecules or by chemical accidents and radiation. c) Not very often¸ and by radiation only. d) a and b 3. For genes that code for proteins, which molecule conveys the information from the gene to the ribosome? a) DNA b) mRNA c) tRNA d) rRNA 4. Which of the molecules below is produced during replication? a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) DNA 5. Why is there a difference between the synthesis of a lead strand and that of a discontinuous strand in DNA molecules? a) The origins of replication are found only at end 5' of the molecule. b) Helicase and protein factors act at the extremity of 5'. c) DNA polymerases can only add new nucleotides at the extremity 3' a strand in the process of synthesis. d) DNA ligase only works in the 3' ; direction towards 5'. 6. Which of the following statements does not apply to a codon? a) It is made up of three nucleotides. b)…arrow_forwardBacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign viral DNA (see Bacterial Defense Mechanisms). Yet clearly some bacteria have evolved competence, the ability to take up foreign DNA from the environment. Why do bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment and yet exclude DNA from viruses?arrow_forward
- 1. What are the similarities and differences between Bacterial Chromosomes & Eukaryotic Chromosomes? 2. What types of Plasmids are there and what advantage does each provide for the organism they are in? 3. What is the Central Dogma of Biology / Genetics? Transcription and translation takes place simultaneously 4. What is DNA Replication? Taking DNA and making a copy DNA is not a component of central dogma 5. What are the key stages, components, & enzymes involved in DNA replication? (Make sure you can tell the story) 6. What do the following terms mean/refer to? Semiconservative, Antiparallel, 5’-3’ Polymerization, dNTP’s, Bi-Directional Replication, Leading Strand, Lagging Strand, Continuous Replication, Discontinuous Replication, Methylation, Origin of Replication, Okazaki Fragments 7. What are the key stages, components, & enzymes involved in Transcription? (Make sure you can tell the story)arrow_forwardThe 1918 influenza strain killed millions of people world-wide. After recovering the virus from preserved lung tissue and sequencing the genome, which of the scientific findings did NOT account for the viruses lethality in humans? The hemagglutination protein was associated with high lung damage. The virus came directly from birds, without first circulating in pigs. The virus was independent from a cellular protease for cell entry, and utilized neuraminidase instead. The virus came from bats.arrow_forwardBiology 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma 2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses..arrow_forward
- All HPV are non-enveloped double stranded DNA viruses. Their genomes are circular and approximately 8 kilobase pairs in size. Most encode eight major proteins, 6 located in the “early” region and 2 in the “late” region. The “early” proteins are regulatory in function.... Can you please elaborate about the HPV genome in more detail that what I posted above? Thanks.arrow_forward3. Hershey-Chase (1952) The Definitive Proof Hershey and Chase utilized phages in their research. A bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacterium, it consists of a protein coat and DNA, it also reproduces quickly and can easily be harvested. Hershey and Chase used radioactive P and S to track the differences in the protein and DNA, since only DNA contains P and only proteins contain S. They infected bacteria with the phage that had the radioactive S, and they infected another group of bacteria with a radioactive P. The results showed that the bacteria contained radioactive P entered the bacterium. Watch this to help you understand: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v-hubXqPrslR4 IXPERIMENT Kaoarthty Glege protein) Page Bactertl cell Bach The Guiding Question: What molecule causes transformation? Claim: Protein was not genetic material, and that DNA was genetic material. Evidence Reasoning:arrow_forwardThe genetic material of virus includes(a) only RNA.(b) only DNA.(c) RNA and DNA both(d) RNA or DNA , i.e., one nucleic acid in a virus. Please try to break the solutions into as many steps as practically possible and the steps should come one by one and they should be short and crisp and plagiarism-free.arrow_forward
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