Campbell Biology in Focus
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134710679
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Rebecca Orr
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 35.1, Problem 2CC
MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that activate the vertebrate TLR signal transduction pathway differ from the ligands in most other signaling pathways (see Concept 5.6)?
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Chapter 35 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
Ch. 35.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 35.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.2 - Explain how memory cells strengthen the immune...Ch. 35.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35 - Prob. 1TYU
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- Help constructing a concept map? Example provided below. Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific…arrow_forwardHello! Discuss the onco-suppressive function of xenophagy ( role of adaptors, Compare and contrast evidence from articles, opinion about the way forward to the field). Thank you!!arrow_forward5. Explain the signaling steps that take place after the EGF receptor is dimerized, up to the poiunt when Ras gets activated. Draw a schematic to make it easier for your classmates to understand.6. Explain why the RTK signaling pathway includes the extra complication of having a protein (Ras) that switches between GTP- and GDP-bound states. PLEASE ANDWER BOTHarrow_forward
- MAKE CONNECTIONS Explain how the signaling molecules released by an embryonic cell can induce changesin a neighboring cell without entering the cell. (SeeFigures 11.15 and 11.16.)arrow_forwardConcept test: Please discuss thoroughly. One of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activity of ZPA. Where in the limb bud is this region? What axis of the limb does it help to specify? What properties of this region make it an organizing region Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects? What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?arrow_forwardPart A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific proteins it is signaling through. You want to do a single Western blot to measure changes in signaling activity, regardless of which pathway is being activated. For which protein involved in these pathways could you measure the levels in the nucleus of cells and be confident in your results? Why? This part was already posted on chegg, but I didn't understand the answer. I need a thorough explanation, so I can fully understand. Part B (Short Response): There have been many attempts to block TGF-β signaling in cancer through many different mechanisms, but none of been very successful. Why do you think this is? I know they have gotten close to being successful, but I don't know what preventing their success.arrow_forward
- 47. Order the sequence of Canonical signaling via Frizzled receptors. i) β-catenin can now promote proliferation and stem cell state ii) Frizzled receptor signals for dishevelled and axin binding to itself iii) LRP assisted with Wnt binding to frizzled receptor iv) Preventing the activation of GSK-β which signals for phosphorylation A. iii ->ii-> iv-> i B. iv-> iii -> ii-> i C. i-> ii-> iv-> iii D. iii-> iv-> ii-> iarrow_forwardHello! Discuss the onco-suppressive function of xenophagy + ( role of adaptors, compare and contrast evidence, opinion about the way forward for the field). Thank you!arrow_forwardMAKE CONNECTIONS Inactivation of one of the Xchromosomes in female mammals involves lncRNA calledXIST RNA, mentioned in this section and in Concept 15.2.Describe transcription and binding of XIST RNA, thensuggest a model for how it initiates Barr body formation.arrow_forward
- Which of these pathways is highly conserved among invertebrates and mammals regarding stem cell niche signaling? a. Wnt and beta-catenin families b. MAP kinase family c. VegT and Veg 1 family d. Pitx familyarrow_forwardSCIENTIFIC INQUIRY A major cause of septic shock is thepresence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.Suppose you have available purified LPS and several strains ofmice, each with a mutation that inactivates a particular TLRgene. How might you use these mice to test the feasibility oftreating septic shock with a drug that blocks TLR signaling?arrow_forwardcompare and contrast how GPCRs and RTKs transduce their signal to the cell? include the types of ligands they bind, the GTP binding protein that is activated, and how the signal is transduced and amplified. what effects does it have on the cell?arrow_forward
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