Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 39, Problem 2ITD
Summary Introduction
To review:
Reviewing the effects of injecting broken down ATP (components of ATP) into the squid axon that is already in cyanide solution.
Introduction:
Action potential generated in the neuron due to the inflow of sodium ions into the axon through sodium ion transporters, and results into excitation of the neuron. These transporters maintain the sodium concentration inside the axon and do not let sodium ions get out of the axon. The sodium transporters get inactivated in the presence of cyanide, and sodium present inside the axon gets out from the neuron.
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Chapter 39 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.1 - Prob. 3SBCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 2TYK
Ch. 39 - An example of a synapse could be the site where:...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 39 - The major role of the Na+/K+ pump is to: a. cause...Ch. 39 - In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the...Ch. 39 - Which of the following does not contribute to...Ch. 39 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 39 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 39 - You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active...Ch. 39 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 39 - Prob. 3ITD
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- You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017arrow_forwardWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?arrow_forwardFor a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is done by.. Select one: a. G-protein coupled receptors bind ligand, a phosphorylation cascade occurs, this causes a change in charge of the membrane due to the addition of phosphates allowing Na+ channels to open. b. Ligand-gated K+ channels open, allowing K+ to rush out of the cell and depolarize that part of the membrane. This change in charge opens neighboring voltage-gated channels. c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in. This then depolarizes that region of the membrane resulting in opening neighboring voltage-gated channels. d. Receptor tyrosine kinases have two Na+ molecules bind, this opens voltage-gated channels allowing the “signal” to pass down the axon.arrow_forward
- Sensory neurons in the homeostatic pathway demonstrate spontaneous activity. For a neuron, what does spontaneous activity mean? Describe a mechanism by which a neuron would demonstrate spontaneous activity. (Good inspiration would be to look at the mechanism of behavior and effect on membrane potentials of HCN channels in the heart.) Assuming these sensory neurons used FM communication, how do they encode increases in stimulation and also to encode decreases in stimulation of receptors?arrow_forwardPhotoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?arrow_forwardThe membrane potential in animal cells, but not in plants, depends largely on resting K+ channels. How do these channels contribute to the resting membrane potential? Why are these channels considered to be nongated channels? How do these channels achieve selectivity for K+ versus Na+, which is smaller than K+?arrow_forward
- You prepare a squid giant axon and inject it with a tiny volume of solution containing 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M KCl in which both the Na+ and K+ ions are radioactively labeled. The two labeled ions are now inside the axon. You place this axon in a beaker containing seawater medium. The voltage gated sodium and voltage gated potassium channels are completely blocked using specific inhibitors - so they are closed. Under resting conditions (no stimulation of axon), would you expect any movement of the two radiolabeled ions across the cell membrane of the axon? please explain If you now remove the voltage gated sodium channel inhibitor, and keep the voltage gated potassium channel blocked, which of the radioactively labeled ions would you expect to appear within the seawater medium, while the neuron remained at rest (no stimulation of axon). please explainarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding polarized membranes is incorrect? a. There is a separation of the charge by a membrane, resulting in its ability to do work. b. An RMP of –60 mV indicates that there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. c. A resting membrane potential (RMP) of –90 mV indicates the there are more positive ions inside the axon than an RMP of –70 mV. d. There is a difference in the charges found on the inside of the membrane to the outside.arrow_forwardWhich of the following would you NOT expect with respect to variation in neural conduction velocity? Neural conduction speed increases over developmental time as Schwann cells synthesize myelin sheaths, insulating neurons Neural conduction velocity is higher in invertebrate species with insulating sheaths functionally equivalent to vertebrate myelin Neurons and species with larger axon diameters should have greater conduction velocities Neural networks with greater serial processing (i.e., lines of connecting neurons) should have greater neural conduction velocities. The thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) have a range of roles in regulating growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body to regulate protein synthesis, long bone growth, and neural maturation. This represents an ______ effect of thyroid hormones. At the same time, through some unknown mechanism, application of thyroid hormones results in an immediate reduction in body temperature, which…arrow_forward
- When a neurotransmitter binds with receptors at the membrane, it may cause sodium channels to open. An inflow of sodium causes the membrane to partially depolarize and become less negatively charged. For example, the voltage might change from -70 mV to -65 mV. This partial depolarization of the dendrites and cell body acts as: an EPSP, exciting the cell and increasing the likelihood of action potentials. an IPSP, inhibiting the cell and reducing the likelihood of action potentials. none of these options; depolarization has no excitatory or inhibitory effect on a neuron. both an EPSP and and IPSP.arrow_forwardYou prepare a squid giant axon and inject it with a tiny volume of solution containing 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M KCl in which both the Na+ and K+ ions are radioactively labeled. The two labeled ions are now inside the axon. You place this axon in a beaker containing seawater medium. The voltage gated sodium and voltage gated potassium channels are completely blocked using specific inhibitors - so they are closed If you now remove the voltage gated potassium channel inhibitor and keep the voltage gated sodium channel blocked, which of the radioactively labeled ions would you expect to appear within the seawater medium, while the neuron remained at rest (no stimulation of axon). Please explain If you now remove both the sodium and potassium voltage gated channel inhibitors - which of the radioactively labeled ions would you expect to appear most rapidly within the seawater medium, after the neuron had been stimulated to conduct a number of action potentials? Please explainarrow_forwardWhich of the following is FALSE about action potentials? At resting potential, there are more potassium channels open and most sodium channels are closed. Depolarization is due to the flow of Na+ out of the axon via voltage-gated Na+ channels. Hyperpolarization is due to continued loss of K+ from the axon. During repolarization, K+ flows out of the axon along its concentration gradient. Resting membrane potential is primarily established by the Na+/K+ pump.arrow_forward
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