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Physical Chemistry
- Determine the standard Gibbs free energy change, rG, for the reactions of liquid methanol, of CO(g), and ofethyne, C2H2(g), with oxygen gas to form gaseous carbondioxide and (if hydrogen is present) liquid water at298 K. Use your calculations to decide which of thesesubstances are kinetically stable and which are thermodynamically stable: CH3OH(), CO(g), C2H9(g), CO2(g),H2O().arrow_forwardAnother step in the metabolism of glucose, which occurs after the formation of glucose6-phosphate, is the conversion of fructose6-phosphate to fructose1,6-bisphosphate(bis meanstwo): Fructose6-phosphate(aq) + H2PO4(aq) fructose l,6-bisphosphate(aq) + H2O() + H+(aq) (a) This reaction has a Gibbs free energy change of +16.7 kJ/mol of fructose6-phosphate. Is it endergonic or exergonic? (b) Write the equation for the formation of 1 mol ADP fromATR for which rG = 30.5 kJ/mol. (c) Couple these two reactions to get an exergonic process;write its overall chemical equation, and calculate theGibbs free energy change.arrow_forwardCalculate the standard Gibbs free-energy change when SO3 forms from SO2 and O2 at 298 K. Why is sulfur trioxide an important substance to study? (Hint: What happens when it combines with water?)arrow_forward
- Consider planet Earth as a thermodynamic system. Is Earth thermodynamically or kinetically stable? Discuss your choice, providing as many arguments as you can tosupport it.arrow_forwardConsider a process in which the entropy of a system increases by 105 J K−1 and the entropy of the surroundings decreases by 95 J K−1. Is the process spontaneous?arrow_forwardCalculate the magnitude of the difference between the Gibbs and the Helmholtz free energies at 25degrees Celsius for the combustion of hydrogen (producing liquid water). First write the balancedchemical reactionarrow_forward
- Combustion of glucose (C6H12O6) is the main source of energy for animal cells: C6H12O6(s)+ 6O2(g)→ 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(l) ΔGrxn(37°C)= −2872.kJ One of the most important uses to which this energy is put is the assembly of proteins out of amino acid building blocks. The Gibbs free energy of formation of one peptide bond, joining one amino acid to another, is 21/kJmol. Suppose some cells are assembling a certain protein made of 27 amino acids. (Note that the number of peptide bonds in the protein will be one less than the number of amino acids.) Calculate the maximum moles of this protein that can be assembled if 900.mg of glucose are available for combustion. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.arrow_forwardCalculate the standard Gibbs free energy in kJ mol–1.arrow_forwardA certain reaction has ∆H ° = +23.7 kJ and ∆S° = +52.4 J>K. Is the reaction spontaneous at 298 K under standard conditions?arrow_forward
- What is the chemical significance of a positive Gibbs free energy change and what is the chemical significance of an equilibrium constant significantly less than one?arrow_forwardIf the equilibrium constant of a reaction is Keq = 9.3 × 103 at 900 °C, what is the change in Gibbs free energy for this reaction (in kJ mol–1) at the indicated temperature? R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1arrow_forwardFor a process that occurs at a constant temperature, does the change in Gibbs free energy depend on changes in the enthalpy and entropy of the system?arrow_forward
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