Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260211887
Author: WILLEY, Sandman, Wood
Publisher: McGraw Hill
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 40, Problem 3AL
Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to change their surface antigens frequently. Given the kinetics of a primary immune response (primary antibody production), how often would the surface antigen need to be changed to stay “ahead” of the antibody specificity?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Some bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do this?
Which cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen?
why cannot freeze Human Normal Immunoglobulin injection?
Chapter 40 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 40.2 - What is the morphology of B. dermatitidis in the...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.3 - How is a schizont formed? What is the cell type...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 2MICh. 40.3 - What is the primary reservoir of leishmanias? What...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 3CC
Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.4 - How do fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses gain...Ch. 40.4 - Describe two piedras that infect humans.Ch. 40.4 - Briefly describe the major tineas that occur in...Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 40.5 - Upon entry into the human host by the nose or...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.6 - What parts of the human body can be affected by...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 5CCCh. 40 - Prob. 1RCCh. 40 - Prob. 2RCCh. 40 - Prob. 4RCCh. 40 - Prob. 5RCCh. 40 - Prob. 1ALCh. 40 - Prob. 2ALCh. 40 - Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4ALCh. 40 - Prob. 5AL
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
2. Define equilibrium population. Outline the conditions that must be met for a population to stay in genetic e...
Biology: Life on Earth
6. How can you use the features found in each chapter?
Human Anatomy & Physiology
2. A gene is a segment of DNA that has the information to produce a functional product. The functional product ...
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
What were the major microbiological interests of Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky? It can be said tha...
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Identify each of the following reproductive barriers as prezygotic or postzygotic. a. One lilac species lives o...
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th Edition)
Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?
Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and darrow_forwardWhy do immune complexes form only when an antigen is soluble?arrow_forwardOpsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forward
- Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.arrow_forwardAlthough the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen, complement activation is generally considered to be an innate immune response. This is because: Two of the three pathways for complement activation are initiated by constitutively produced recognition molecules that directly interact with microbial surfaces. When the complement cascade leads to the formation of a membrane-attack complex, the pathogen is killed. Several of the soluble products generated by complement activation lead promote the inflammatory response. Complement proteins bound to the pathogen promote uptake and destruction by phagocytic cells. The C3 convertase is only produced when complement activation is initiated by antibody binding to a pathogen.arrow_forwardThe terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens. The terminal components of the complement pathway assemble to form a membrane attack complex that can induce pathogen lysis and death. Yet, evidence indicates that this feature of complement is less important than the earlier steps that promote pathogen opsonization and induce inflammation. This conclusion is based on: In vitro experiments showing that very few species of bacteria are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex Experiments indicating that only bacteria, but not viruses or fungi, are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex The very low levels of terminal complement components in the serum The fact that other mammalian species lack the terminal components of the complement pathway needed to form the membrane attack complex The limited susceptibility to infections of patients with deficiencies in terminal complement componentsarrow_forward
- The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses? C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure. Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure. C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface. C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue. C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.arrow_forwardAntibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.arrow_forward. Inflammation is the hallmark of an active immune response.Explain how inflammation is triggered by innate immunemechanisms. Why does inflammation subside as aninfection is controlled?arrow_forward
- Macrophages and neutrophils both contribute to extracellular pathogen protection. Describe their common characteristics, differences in structure and function, and if one were eliminated from the innate immune response, explain which one would be more detrimental to the body and why.arrow_forwardThe least abundant immunoglobulin is IgE, for a good reason. Explain what the reason might bearrow_forwardSmallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the etiology of the disease and the current state of the world’s immunity to smallpox, discuss how effective (or ineffective) a smallpox weapon might be. What kind of defense could be mounted against such an attack?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305112100
Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License