CUSTOM PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781266032844
Author: WILLEY
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 40, Problem 3AL
Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to change their surface antigens frequently. Given the kinetics of a primary immune response (primary antibody production), how often would the surface antigen need to be changed to stay “ahead” of the antibody specificity?
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Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.
Which of the following complement components are generated during the classical pathway
and bind independently to the membrane surface promoting immune adherence and
opsonizing effects?
C3b
O C3d
O C1q
O C2
4) A patient has their spleen removed due to an accident. How will this affect the immune response?
5) You come in contact with staphylococci through a cut. What cellular features will the immune cells recognize?
6) Name two opsonins and how do these molecules help the immune response?
7) Fever is part of the inflammatory process. What is the role of fever during an immune response?
8) This chemical is used to induce anti-viral responses in cells to protect the cells from viral infections.
9) This complement activation pathway is activated when complement binds to an antibody bound to antigens.
Chapter 40 Solutions
CUSTOM PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
Ch. 40.2 - What is the morphology of B. dermatitidis in the...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.3 - How is a schizont formed? What is the cell type...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 2MICh. 40.3 - What is the primary reservoir of leishmanias? What...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 3CC
Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.4 - How do fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses gain...Ch. 40.4 - Describe two piedras that infect humans.Ch. 40.4 - Briefly describe the major tineas that occur in...Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 40.5 - Upon entry into the human host by the nose or...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.6 - What parts of the human body can be affected by...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 5CCCh. 40 - Prob. 1RCCh. 40 - Prob. 2RCCh. 40 - Prob. 4RCCh. 40 - Prob. 5RCCh. 40 - Prob. 1ALCh. 40 - Prob. 2ALCh. 40 - Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4ALCh. 40 - Prob. 5AL
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- The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens. The terminal components of the complement pathway assemble to form a membrane attack complex that can induce pathogen lysis and death. Yet, evidence indicates that this feature of complement is less important than the earlier steps that promote pathogen opsonization and induce inflammation. This conclusion is based on: In vitro experiments showing that very few species of bacteria are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex Experiments indicating that only bacteria, but not viruses or fungi, are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex The very low levels of terminal complement components in the serum The fact that other mammalian species lack the terminal components of the complement pathway needed to form the membrane attack complex The limited susceptibility to infections of patients with deficiencies in terminal complement componentsarrow_forwardNeutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardWhich cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen?arrow_forward
- Patients with recurrent infections of Neisseria meningitidis, an extracellular bacterial pathogen that causes meningitis, were examined to determine the underlying cause of their immunodeficiency. A subset of these patients were found to have defects in complement activation on the bacterial surface, a process that for this bacterium is dominated by alternative complement activation leading to C3b deposition on the pathogen surface. When neutrophils from these patients were examined in vitro, the results, in the figure below, were obtained. Based on these data, the identity of the green neutrophil mediator in the figure below is likely to be: Complement factor B The C3 convertase Factor P (properdin) C3b Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)arrow_forwardDraw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.arrow_forwardThe figure above depicts an antibody. For the labeled areas, which statement among A-D is not correct? A) O Mature, functional IgA antibodies possess a total of two sites labeled A B) O Your IgM antibodies are all similar in these areas: A C) O During opsonization, area B would bind to a bacterium D) O Your IgD antibodies are all different in this area: B 111 E) O None are matched correctly. B.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is true about complement? Check all that apply. Three pathways of complement, where classical and alternative, are activated by antibodies and lectin by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 Complement pathways are activated in response to infections and involved in opsonization, phagocytosis and lysis of microbes The"b" subunit of complement such as C3b or C5b is deposited on the microbes, whereas the "a" subunit, C3a or C5a recruits phagocytic cells to the site of infection and promotes inflammation Alternative pathway is activated immediately due to presence of C3b because of spontaneous hydrolysis of C3, whereas classical pathways in several days after secretion of pathogen-specific antibodies Seven complement(C) proteins are made by liver and C5 is found in abundancearrow_forwardAlthough the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen, complement activation is generally considered to be an innate immune response. This is because: Two of the three pathways for complement activation are initiated by constitutively produced recognition molecules that directly interact with microbial surfaces. When the complement cascade leads to the formation of a membrane-attack complex, the pathogen is killed. Several of the soluble products generated by complement activation lead promote the inflammatory response. Complement proteins bound to the pathogen promote uptake and destruction by phagocytic cells. The C3 convertase is only produced when complement activation is initiated by antibody binding to a pathogen.arrow_forwardSome bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do this?arrow_forward
- Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forwardSmallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the etiology of the disease and the current state of the world’s immunity to smallpox, discuss how effective (or ineffective) a smallpox weapon might be. What kind of defense could be mounted against such an attack?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20 proteins that play a key rolein host defense by specifically acting in different waystoward different microorganisms.(b) Its general functions include enhancing phagocytosis byphagocytes, lysing microbes and enveloped viruses directly, and generating peptide fragments that regulateinflammation and immune responses.(c) It is a fast-acting innate host defense that works in a cascade.(d) There are three pathways classical, lectin, and alternative.(e) The effects of each activation pathways are the same.arrow_forward
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