EBK LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220103935432
Author: Sadava
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 41.6, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The experiment, which should be performed to test whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine triggers both, the humoral and the cell-mediated immunity in an individual.
Introduction:
The HIV can cause a severe infection in the human body, which can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This is a condition, in which the affected individual’s immunity becomes very low. The potential HIV vaccine contains the specific antigens from HIV virus that are detected by the antibodies present in the serum. The serum of an individual in whom the vaccine is injected can be used to test for the humoral and the cell-mediated immune responses against the HIV vaccine.
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Vaccines have effectively prevented many viral diseases. Attempts over many years to develop an effective vaccine against HIV disease and AIDS, however, have so far met with little success. Why is this so?
As conversations about vaccines goes on around the various social media platforms,why would scientists want to study these conversations and what might they may be able to learn from these social networks?
Explain the process of how vaccines stimulate the immune system to generate protective immunity against viral pathogens.
Chapter 41 Solutions
EBK LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
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- What are the techniques of prepared vaccines targetting Different types of viruses? explain at your own wordsarrow_forwardWith the emergence of new vaccines, what are the factors that lead resistance of people to vaccines?arrow_forwardPrior to the development of detection assay for HIV in the blood supply, HCV was used as a proxy. That is to say, any donated blood found to be contaminated with HBV or HCV was also assumed to be HIV positive as well. What do you think was the rationale behind the use of HCV as an indicator of HIV? Do you think this was a reasonable approach at the time?arrow_forward
- Why might an HIV/AIDS vaccine actually give some people a false sense of security?arrow_forwardFrom: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer %3D immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... The H spike head. O H spike neck N spike O Viral envelopearrow_forwardEfforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forward
- Global pandemic crisis and lockdown measures will be relived by Covid 19 vaccination measures....what does this meanarrow_forwardThe majority of vaccines work by eliciting pathogen-specific antibodies that circulate in our bodies and protect us in the event that we are later exposed to that specific pathogen. For most viruses and bacterial toxins that we are vaccinated against, these pre-existing antibodies are protective because They induce mucus production that helps flush the toxin or virus out of the body They bind to the virus or toxin and carry it to the liver where it can be degraded O They neutralize the virus or toxin, preventing it from attaching to and entering our cells They bind to epithelial cells and induce the production of antimicrobial peptidesarrow_forwardDescribe three different types of vaccinesarrow_forward
- This graph is illustrating the principle that: Secondary response (d) Primary Response anitbody concentration required for immunity (a) (b) (c) Time after infection 10 20 30 40 20 + Second Infection 10 30 40 in days First Infection delay your body can respond with more antibodies faster the second time it sees an antigen O all of the other answers O antibiotics won't work for viruses vaccines will not work for viruses the second infection is always much worse than the first infection Antibody concentration in bloodarrow_forwardDespite the concerns over vaccine-related side effects, vaccination programs have been relatively successful in eradicating many types of infectious diseases including smallpox, polio, and measles. Explain how this statement indicates that the vaccines developed are effective and have low risk of adverse effects to the recipients including infants, children, immunocompromised individual as well as older adults.arrow_forwardEven though the oral polio vaccine is not used in the developed world, it is still widely used in the developing world, in part because it confers what might be called “accidental” herd immunity. Can you speculate on what this is?arrow_forward
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