a)
Interpretation:Minimum number of theoretical plates that is required in fractional distillation separation of mixture with
Concept introduction:Fractional distillation is separation technique that separates various fractions of components in mixture. This process is based on vaporization of one or more fractions or parts of mixture. It is used to separate components of mixture that have difference in boiling points less than
HETP is index that is used to measure efficiency of fractional distillation. It refers to height equivalent to theoretical plate. It denotes vertical length of column that is essential to achieve separation efficiency equivalent to one theoretical plate.
b)
Interpretation:Composition of first small amount of distillate obtained should be determined.
Concept introduction:Fractional distillation is separation technique that separates various fractions of components in mixture. This process is based on vaporization of one or more fractions or parts of mixture. It is used to separate components of mixture that have difference in boiling points less than
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EBK EXPERIMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A M
- There are two separate phases, one with a composition of 12% phenol and the other with a composition of 60% phenol, from a 210 gram phenol-water mixture with 35% phenol at 60oC. Calculate the masses of these phases.arrow_forwardIt is important to always minimize the amount of solvent used, allowing for evaporation. If we add a relatively large excess, we expect our recrystallization to produce lower percent recoveries. A common mistake is to misplace the decimal, resulting in addition of 11x the solvent instead of the recommended 1.1x. If a substance dissolves in a solvent at 1g/468 mL at room temperature and at 1g/13 mL at the solvent's boiling point, what would be the maximum expected amount recovered if using 11x the minimum amount of solvent in recrystallizing 10 g of the substance? Report your answer in grams to one decimal place.It is important to always minimize the amount of solvent used, allowing for evaporation. If we add a relatively large excess, we expect our recrystallization to produce lower percent recoveries. A common mistake is to misplace the decimal, resulting in addition of 11x the solvent instead of the recommended 1.1x. If a substance dissolves in a solvent at 1g/468 mL at room…arrow_forwardWhy was it necessary to keep the total volume of the reagents after mixing constant in all the kinetic runs (i.e., why was it necessary to add distilled water in inverse proportion to the quantity of Solution 1 that was required)?arrow_forward
- Given that a mixture of nitric acid (bp 86 °C) and water forms a maximum-boiling-point azeotrope that boils at 120.7 °C with a composition of 67.4% nitric acid to 32.6% water. Construct an approximate boiling-point-phase diagram (with % composition on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis) for this system. Include the boiling points of pure nitric acid, pure water, and the boiling point of the azeotrope on your diagram. Describe the behavior on distillation of a mixture that is 80% water and 20% nitric acid.arrow_forward1 g of organic matter dissolved 20 times more in ether than water is dissolved in 500 cm3 of water. Organic matter will be extras from the aqueous phase using 20 cm3 of ether each time. How many times should the extraction phase be repeated to extraction at least 90% of organic matter massively?arrow_forward10g coffee 4g sodium carbonate 40m dichloromethane 160ml distilled water coffee filter What are the principles behind caffeine being extracted from coffee using the above items? 1st sodium carbonate mixed with coffee then brought to a boil for 20min then solution/grinds are filtered. Then solution is added to a separatory funnel with 15ml of dichloromethane and two layers are observed so the bottom layer with DCM contains the caffeine, then this layer is collected in a beaker and dried out using molecular seeds. Then the solvent is brought to a boil with crude caffeine remaining and recystallized using 95% ethanol and brought to a boil again. Then the contents are vaccum filtered and allowed to dry resulting in 30mg caffeine.arrow_forward
- Solution Calculations Using unit analysis, clearly show the set-ups for your calculations. You wish to prepare 50.0 mL of 2.30 x 10–2 M solution of Levothyroxine (hint-how many grams will you need of Levothyroxine?) 1. Describe how to prepare this solution from the pure drug and deionized water. Analytical balances and volumetric flasks are available to you. (Assume that Levothyroxine dissolves in water, at least to the extent necessary for this problem.) Use complete sentences in your description of the solution preparation process. a. A patient is given 2.0mL of a 3.00% (m/v) solution of Levothyroxine, how many milligrams of the drug did they receive? b. What is the molarity of a 3.00% (m/v) solution of Levothyroxine?arrow_forwardUse a temperature-composition diagram to explain why fractional distillation of two components is more easily accomplished if the components have boiling points that differ by 20C or more.arrow_forwardThe graph of temperature-component mole fraction for Benzene-Ethanol binary system is given in the picture. If you want to purify this binary mixture, which is known to have a 0.8 mole fraction, by simple (ordinary) distillation, what would the mole fraction of benzene in the distillate be approximately (but a reasonable value)?arrow_forward
- The distribution coefficient, KD (C water/C ether), between ether and water for aspirin at room temperature is 0.30. What weight of aspirin would be extracted by a single extraction with 300 mL of water from a solution of with a concentration of 0.67 M? Calculate the weight of aspirin which would be removed by three extractions with 100 mL portions of water. Compare the weight of solute extracted in single extraction process with the triple extraction process. Take note: The volume of the solution is 100mlarrow_forward7.A student carried out a fractional distillation of an unknown binary (2-component) mixture from a 50 mL pot solution. Based on the plot below, and assuming no azeotropes, what percent by volume was the solution in the lower boiling point component?arrow_forwardSolution Calculations Using unit analysis, clearly show the set-ups for your calculations. You wish to prepare 50.0 mL of 2.30 x 10–2 M solution of (Levothyroxine) C15H11I4NO4 drug. (hint-how many grams will you need of this drug?) Describe how to prepare this solution from the pure drug and deionized water. Analytical balances and volumetric flasks are available to you. (Assume that this drug dissolves in water, at least to the extent necessary for this problem.) Use complete sentences in your description of the solution preparation process. Thank you!!arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningEBK A SMALL SCALE APPROACH TO ORGANIC LChemistryISBN:9781305446021Author:LampmanPublisher:CENGAGE LEARNING - CONSIGNMENTMacroscale and Microscale Organic ExperimentsChemistryISBN:9781305577190Author:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. MastersPublisher:Brooks Cole