Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 48, Problem 13PIAT
Pattern recognition receptors have been identified that recognize worm products. Explain how these receptors are used to activate the adaptive response most appropriate for worm infection.
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TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14. Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of:
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Chapter 48 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
Ch. 48 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 48 - 4. What is one of the differences between CD4+ and...Ch. 48 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 48 - What steps are required for most B cells to become...Ch. 48 - Prob. 9TYPSSCh. 48 - Propose a hypothesis to explain how self-reactive...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11PIATCh. 48 - 13. Pattern recognition receptors have been...Ch. 48 - Prob. 14PIAT
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- In what way does the action of the membrane attack complexresemble the action of perforin?arrow_forwardDescribe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4.arrow_forwardThe small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response. Recent studies using mouse models of pulmonary inflammation (a model for human asthma) have found that mice deficient in the C3a receptor have greatly reduced disease symptoms when challenged with inhaled preparations containing extracts of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Specifically, the C3a receptor-deficient mice showed reduced influx of granulocytes and lymphocytes into the lung and reduced fluid in the lung after challenge. What is the explanation for these findings?arrow_forward
- Which proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the need to be activated by a family of kinases?arrow_forwardThe alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin in the presence of pathogens. The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because: The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is much more active than those of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway works as a soluble enzyme in the plasma. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway cannot be inactivated by complement regulatory factors in the host. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is more efficiently recruited to pathogen surfaces than the C3 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway contains C3b, and can generate more of itself.arrow_forwardWhat's the difference betwwen complementary interaction and suppression epistasis? Explain in details.arrow_forward
- Different hypersensitive responses can result from a bee sting. What type of hypersensitivity could account for each of the following reactions? Explain the mechanism in each case. After an insect sting, an individual experiences swelling and redness at the sting location within 1-2 minutes but this disappears within hour. an (ii) About 8 hours later, the same person experiences swelling and redness at the sting location. This persists for 4 hours.arrow_forwardAn adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15arrow_forwardMannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.arrow_forward
- After bonding with their ligand chemo kine receptors form complexes with what to signal initiate signaling A) inflammasome components b. pro-IL-1b c. potassium channels d. GTP-binding proteins e. tertiary granulesarrow_forwarda line of cultured cells has a highly active Gs linked system that leads to persistent activation of adenyl cyclase. which of the following treatments is most likely to decrease signaling through this pathway. A) overexpression of G-alpha protein , B) overexpression of phosphodieterase, C) overexpression of ras protein, D) treatment with GTP, E) treatment with a protein kinase C agonistarrow_forwardDuring inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated phagocytes. List some of hese toxic species and explain what cellular/biochemical mechanisms limit these damaging off-target effects.arrow_forward
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