Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 48, Problem 5TYU
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason that genetic recombination is responsible for producing vast numbers of different B-cell receptors.
Introduction:
The different amino acids are present on the different B-cell receptors (BCRs). The unique amino acid sequence gives rise to different types of antibodies that bind to a wide range of epitopes. The genetic recombination of a different segment of antibody is the underlying reason.
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Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.
Explain how each of the following processes contributes to antibody diversity. a. Somatic recombination b. Junctional diversity c. Hypermutation
The extensive polymorphism of MHC genes in the population is thought to represent an evolutionary response to outflank the evasive strategies of pathogens. This polymorphism makes it difficult for pathogens to eliminate all potential MHC binding epitopes from their proteins. Based on this reasoning, it would seem advantageous for each individual to encode more than three different MHC class I and three different MHC class II genes per chromosome copy. If some individuals in the population had MHC loci that encoded 10 different MHC class I and 10 different MHC class II genes, the T cell repertoire in those individuals would likely be:
Much more diverse than in the rest of the individuals of that population
Much better at recognizing rare pathogens not encountered by most individuals in that population
Much less diverse than the rest of the individuals in that population
Much more alloreactive than the T cells found in the other individuals of that population
Very reactive to bacterial…
Chapter 48 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
Ch. 48 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 48 - 4. What is one of the differences between CD4+ and...Ch. 48 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 48 - What steps are required for most B cells to become...Ch. 48 - Prob. 9TYPSSCh. 48 - Propose a hypothesis to explain how self-reactive...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11PIATCh. 48 - 13. Pattern recognition receptors have been...Ch. 48 - Prob. 14PIAT
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- Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing a mouse with a particular antigen, then removing its spleen. Individual B cells producing mouse antibodies specific for the antigen are isolated from the spleen, then fused with cancer cells. Each of the resulting hybrid cells can be cloned, which means it can be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory. The resulting cell lines produce and secrete antibodies that recognize the antigen to which the mouse was immunized. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies. Some monoclonal antibodies are used for passive immunization. They are effective, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies that are produced by one’s own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but those delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?arrow_forwardRegarding chronic disease prevention, match each term with the phrase that best describes it Molecule produced by innate immune cells that is involved in maintaining chronic inflammation A protein produced by the liver that is a frequently used marker of chronic inflammation The degree to which a certain food elevates blood glucose after it's eaten A small molecule that can bind to histones and DNA, frequently with the result of gene silencing An enzyme that rebuilds the end caps of chromosomes after each cell division, thus prolonging the life of the cell [Choose ] [Choose] Interleukin-6 TNF-alpha Methyl Tag Glycemic Load C Reactive Protein Glycemic Index Telomerase [Choose] [Choose ] [Choose ]arrow_forwardExplain what a lysogen is.arrow_forward
- can you please explain the last part of step 2 further? Specifically this "The complementation does not occur in case of mutations are present in same gene. The complementation occurs between two mutations will suggests that mutations are present in different genes."arrow_forwardIs it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides (P)?arrow_forwardIn a set of experiments, T cells from wild-type (WT) or bm12 mice were mixed in vitro with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in the presence or absence of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and T cell proliferation was measured. The data from these experiments are shown in the figure below. What is the explanation for the results in Rows 1–4 of the table?. Why does the T cell response to SEB (Rows 5–8) show a different pattern than the response to bovine insulin? Note: Epitope mapping studies identified amino acid residues 1–14 of the bovine insulin A chain as the peptide recognized by CD4 T cells from wild-type mice.arrow_forward
- (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for producing the luciferase protein from mRNAs transcribed in the plasmid-containing T lymphocytes. Explain what dictates to the lymphocytes the correct order in which amino acids should be linked to form the luciferase protein.arrow_forwardDescribe the changes that can convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is an example of a proto-oncogene? 1) cell cycle inhibitor 2) tumor suppressor 3) oncogene 4) repair enzyme 5) growth factor receptorarrow_forward
- /20. In class, we discussed diffferent types of genetic change that can cause a normal gene (proto- oncogene) to become a cancer-causing gene (oncogene), Which of the following would not be a cause? A) translocation or transposition (movement of DNA within the same genome) B) gene ampliffication (increased number of copies of a given gene) C) epigenetic change D) point mutation that changes the gene's product E) loss of telomeres during DNA replication ancer?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the entry of HIV-1 into a T cell. b) The deletion that produced CCR5Δ32 caused a frameshift which extends the length of the protein product. c) CCR5Δ32 prevents infection by HIV-1 in homozygotes but only delays the onset of HIV symptoms in heterozygotes. d) The protein product produced by CCR5Δ32 is altered in such a manner that it cannot embed in the cell membrane.arrow_forwardRefer to the following illustration to answer the question. VI V2 V3 Rearranged DNA in B lymphocyte V250 VI Primary transcript V2 O transcription denaturation of DNA RNA splicing -20 M Immunoglobulin mRNA V3 13 translation V3 13 V3 13 11 J4 In the production of an immunoglobulin light-chain, the joining of the J3 segment with the C segment occurs through: 14 site-specific recombination of DNA C 12arrow_forward
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