Supersaturated solutions can be made in which more solute is dissolved in solution than would normally dissolve.
These solutions are inherently unstable, however. A seed crystal of calcium acetate,
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Physical Chemistry
- Explain that equilibrium is dynamic, and that at equilibrium the forward and backward reaction rates are equal.arrow_forwardWrite an equation for an equilibrium system that would lead to the following expressions (ac) for K. (a) K=(Pco)2 (PH2)5(PC2H6)(PH2O)2 (b) K=(PNH3)4 (PO2)5(PNO)4 (PH2O)6 (c) K=[ ClO3 ]2 [ Mn2+ ]2(Pcl2)[ MNO4 ]2 [ H+ ]4 ; liquid water is a productarrow_forwardAccording to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), waste material is classified as toxic and must be handled as hazardous if the lead concentration exceeds 5 mg/L. By adding chloride ion, the lead ion will precipitate as PbCl2, which can be separated from the liquid portion. Once the lead has been removed, the rest of the waste can be sent to a conventional waste treatment facility. How many grams of sodium chloride must be added to 500 L of a waste solution to reduce the concentration of the Pb2+ ion from 10 to 5 mg/L?arrow_forward
- Because calcium carbonate is a sink for CO32- in a lake, the student in Exercise 12.39 decides to go a step further and examine the equilibrium between carbonate ion and CaCOj. The reaction is Ca2+(aq) + COj2_(aq) ** CaCO,(s) The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 2.1 X 10*. If the initial calcium ion concentration is 0.02 AI and the carbonate concentration is 0.03 AI, what are the equilibrium concentrations of the ions? A student is simulating the carbonic acid—hydrogen carbonate equilibrium in a lake: H2COj(aq) H+(aq) + HCO}‘(aq) K = 4.4 X 10"7 She starts with 0.1000 AI carbonic acid. What are the concentrations of all species at equilibrium?arrow_forwardWhat is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants and products mixed together initially? Explain. Is it true that reactions with large equilibrium constant values are very fast? Explain. There is only one value of the equilibrium constant for a particular system at a particular temperature, but there is an infinite number of equilibrium positions. Explain.arrow_forwardWrite a chemical equation for an equilibrium system that would lead to the following expressions (ad) for K. (a) K=(PH2S)2 (PO2)3(PSO2)2 (PH2O)2 (b) K=(PF2)1/2 (PI2)1/2PIF (c) K=[ Cl ]2(Pcl2)[ Br ]2 (d) K=(PNO)2 (PH2O)4 [ Cu2+ ]3[ NO3 ]2 [ H+ ]8arrow_forward
- . Explain what it means that a reaction has reached a state of chemical equilibrium. Explain why equilibrium is a dynamic state: Does a reaction really “stop” when the system reaches a state of equilibrium? Explain why, once a chemical system has reached equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants remain constant with time. Why does this constancy of concentration not contradict our picture of equilibrium as being dynamic? What happens to the rates of the forward and reverse reactions as a system proceeds to equilibrium from a starting point where only reactants are present?arrow_forwardThe value of the equilibrium constant, K, is dependent on which of the following? (There may be more than one answer.) a. the initial concentrations of the reactants b. the initial concentrations of the products c. the temperature of the system d. the nature of the reactants and products Explain.arrow_forward
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