The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef. Given: Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1. Table 1: Different genera of corals Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO 3 /m 2 /yr) Orbicella 1.87 13.80 Acropora 3.33 22.30 Porites 1.49 6.12 Agaricia 1.52 2.43 The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1. Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2. Introduction: The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora . The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO 3 deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

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Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

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The balance of the coral reef ecosystem is being affected by warming oceans, changing ocean currents, and what other external factor? A: The acidification of the oceans B: The light that enters the system C: Marine animals leaving the reef D: Not enough information is given

A research team conducted a project where they artificially increased the CO2 levels in tanks containing corals. They found an inverse relationship between reef building and atmospheric CO2. This experiment __________. Options: A. is not possible. Increased CO2 should not affect the reef, as it is a relatively inert gas. B. represents the situation in the pre-industrial age, with less reef-building occurring than now C. indicates that marine ecosystems are unlikely to be affected by rising CO2 levels D. indicates that available calcium carbonate levels will increase with increasing levels of CO2 E. indicates that even though the oceans may be good sinks for CO2, there will be negative impacts of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 beyond the greenhouse effect

Give three (3) examples with a brief explanation of anthropogenic threats to coral reef ecosystems. Please be concise.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

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Answer 5

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

Answer 6

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

Answer 7

Chapter 56, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The coral genera that is estimated to be declining most quickly, the reason behind its decline and the cause of its decline on the function of reef and biodiversity of the community reef.

Given:

Different genera of corals contribute different amounts of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to the reefs. The rates of calcium deposition by different coral genera are represented in Table 1.

Table 1: Different genera of corals

Coral genus Average reef rugosity Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)

Orbicella 1.87 13.80

Acropora 3.33 22.30

Porites 1.49 6.12

Agaricia 1.52 2.43

The change in reef rugosity and rate of calcification can be represented by two hypothetical conditions. In the graph, the two models are represented; the red line represents a model in which the reef cover declines from 45% to 10%. The blue line indicates the model in which the reef cover increases from 10% to 45%. This information is represented in Graph 1.

Percent changes in the reef cover, contributed by Acropora, Agaricia, Porites, and Orbicella is represented in Graph 2.

Introduction:

The coral genus that is most important in contributing to the reef-building is the Acropora. The Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO₃ deposition is more as compared to the other species. The calcium carbonate deposition is correlated to the reef rugosity. More amount of calcium deposition means the rugosity of the reef is more. The rugosity refers to the measurement of the seafloors, commonly used in the marine sciences. High rugosity means the presence of a complex surface, which is created by the coral depositions.

Answer 8

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Answer 11

Ch. 56.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 56.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 56.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 56.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 56.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 56.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 56.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 56.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 56.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 56.4 - Prob. 2R

Solution Summary: The author explains that Acropora is the slow-growing coral whose rate of CaCO 3 deposition is more as compared to the other species.

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Chapter 56 Solutions

Coral genus	Average reef rugosity	Approximate mean rate of calcification (Kg CaCO₃/m²/yr)
Orbicella	1.87	13.80
Acropora	3.33	22.30
Porites	1.49	6.12
Agaricia	1.52	2.43