Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321967671
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece, Kelly A. Hogan
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 6, Problem 13BS
As discussed in the Biology and Society section, the delivery of oxygen to muscles is the limiting factor for many athletes. Some athletes seek to improve their athletic performance through blood doping, which can artificially increase athletic capacity. Other athletes achieve the same result by training at high altitude (which promotes the formation of more red blood cells by the bone marrow). If two athletes achieve exactly the same result—one due to Injecting her own blood and one due to training at altitude—why do you think the former is considered cheating but the latter is not? What would you do to enforce antidoping rules in sports at all levels (high school, college, Olympic, professional)?
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Delivery of oxygen to muscles is the limiting factor for many athletes. Some try blood doping injecting oxygenated blood. Others train at high altitude. Both approaches increase the number of Red blood cells. Why is doping considered cheating? How would you enforce Anti Doping rules?
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
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- Because flight is metabolically demanding, birds have very efficient systems that help to meet these demands. Look at the following list of characteristics and choose those that contribute to the physiological demands of flight. One-way airflow respiration Endothermy Large heart Nucleated red blood cells Slow heart rate Two-cycle lung ventilation Air sacs Separate pulmonary / systemic circulation Air capillariesarrow_forwardProfessional cycling has had much difficulty with cheating. Athletes and team doctors have discovered a variety of unnatural and illegal ways to improve sport performance. Cycling is highly aerobic which means oxygen is required to produce energy. If you have more red blood cells, you can carry more oxygen to working muscles. There are two methods of illegal blood doping to increase the number of red blood cells. 1. A few weeks before competition you would have some blood removed into a into a bag like when people give blood. You freeze the blood. Your body will pretty quickly replace the blood to normal levels. Before the race, you thaw and re infuse the blood. Now you (the athlete) have more than normal amounts of red blood cells. You can now carry more oxygen to yoru working muscles and have an unfair advantage. 2. You can also inject a hormone called erythropoetin (EPO) to stimulate the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. What two physiological systems are involved in method…arrow_forwardProfessional cycling has had much difficulty with cheating. Athletes and team doctors have discovered a variety of unnatural and illegal ways to improve sport performance. Cycling is highly aerobic which means oxygen is required to produce energy. If you have more red blood cells, you can carry more oxygen to working muscles. There are two methods of illegal blood doping to increase the number of red blood cells. 1. A few weeks before competition you would have some blood removed into a into a bag like when people give blood. You freeze the blood. Your body will pretty quickly replace the blood to normal levels. Before the race, you thaw and re infuse the blood. Now you (the athlete) have more than normal amounts of red blood cells. You can now carry more oxygen to yoru working muscles and have an unfair advantage. 2. You can also inject a hormone called erythropoetin (EPO) to stimulate the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. What two physiological systems are involved in method…arrow_forward
- Calculate the average ml of oxygen molecules in 100 ml blood in the athletes at low altitude and then in athletes in high altitude while training at high altitude. Use the following information: 1.39 ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. Do athletes training at high altitudes have more or less oxygen molecules per ml of blood then athletes training at low altitudes? Explain why this difference gives athletes who train at high altitudes an advantage over athletes who train only at low altitudes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following factors would increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood? A 50% increase in hematocrit in combination with blood cells that have half the concentration of hemoglobin? A 20% increase in myoglobin levels. An increase in temperature. An increase in pH none of the above would increase the total amount of oxygen carried by the bloodarrow_forwardMyoglobin would be an inappropriate carrier of oxygen to peripheral tissues because: Myoglobin exists in the T, or deoxy state, in muscle tissue. Myoglobin would not release oxygen at the oxygen pressures found in muscle tissue. Myoglobin has lower affinity and would lose the oxygen to hemoglobin during transport. Myoglobin is only soluble in plasma. Two of the above.arrow_forward
- 1) Construct a figure that shows how most molecules of CO2 gas is stored in the blood. 2) For each of the steps in your figure above: Describe what is happening in a sentence. 3) Answer the following in a brief sentece: Why does the body store CO2 this way instead of just transporting the gas dissolved in a liquid.arrow_forwardDescribe what happens in the respiratory system when you run to catch a bus by placing the following in order (#1-7). Consider that the running will have caused an increase in cellular respiration, which results in an increase in CO2 (this is the change in the variable). The increase in CO2 will be detected by the brain, which will ultimately cause an increase in ventilation. Blood CO2 levels increased and O2 levels decreased. Increased ventilation results. Chemoreceptors detect decreased O2 and increased concentration of CO2/decreased pH. Return to normal CO2 and O2 levels. Respiratory centers increases its stimulation of spinal nerves (phrenic and intercostal). Increased frequency and degree of contraction of respiratory muscles. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centers in the brainstem. Increased cellular respiration in response to the running.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the oxygen-binding curves is FALSE? Select one: a. During normal activity (not exercising) the blood PO2 rarely falls below 40 mmHg. b. The PO2 and hemoglobin dissociation curve for myoglobin is to the left of fetal hemoglobin. c. The blood returning to the lungs is still 75% saturated with oxygen. d. A larger decrease in PO2 is needed for hemoglobin to drop from 100% to 75% O2 capacity than from 75% to 50% O2 capacity. e. During high metabolic activity the PO2 and hemoglobin dissociation curve would be expected to shift to the left of normal.arrow_forward
- Interactions between the cardiovascular and respiratory system provide oxygen to the body.a. Describe the path of blood through the heart, including arteries and veins. Start at the blood entering the heart from the body. Indicate when blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.b. Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin. Describe how pH affects the deposition of oxygen in tissues c. What are two sources of oxygen stores in the body to allow for rapid use when undergoing physical exertion? d. Which chamber of the heart is the most muscular, and why?arrow_forwardExperiments were performed in an anatomy and physiology laboratory. First, the rate and depth of respiration for a resting student were determined. In experiment A, students ran in place for 30 seconds, immediately sat down and relaxed, and then had their respiration rate and depth measured.Experiment B was conducted in the same manner as experiment A, except that the students held their breath while running in place. What differences in respiration would you expect for the two experiments? Explain the basis for your predictions.arrow_forwardWhich of the following factors would increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood? Question 6 options: A 50% increase in hematocrit in combination with blood cells that have half the concentration of hemoglobin? A 20% increase in myoglobin levels. An increase in temperature. An increase in pH none of the above would increase the total amount of oxygen carried by the bloodarrow_forward
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