Concept explainers
To review:
The cause of atherosclerosis in mice from the data of graph.
Introduction:
The medical condition in which narrowing of the arteries occurs due to the formation and deposition of plaque inside the arteries is called atherosclerosis. The various risk factors are diabetes, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, family history, and genetic factors. To study the effect of food on heart disease, researchers fed a variety of diets to mice and then examined them for atherosclerosis—the narrowing of arteries that is a leading cause of heart attacks. Note that “causation” means that one event is responsible for the occurrence of the other, while “correlation” means that the two events appear to occur together.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 6 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
- In squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. You notice that one unique squirrel, which you have nicknamed “Tubby”, appears to be able to eat vast quantities of French fries, yet he seems incredibly healthy.…arrow_forwardIn squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. Word has spread about your groundbreaking work with the hypercholesterolemic squirrels and chipmunks, and you receive a call one night from an RA in Eigenmann. Evidently, two…arrow_forwardSketch the appearance after visualization of a protein mixture containing the seven proteins(ovalbumin, insulin, fibrinogen, y-globulin, collagen, hemoglobin, myoglobin when subjected to SDS-PAGE.arrow_forward
- Glucose 6-Pase is an enzyme present in liver cells but not in muscle cells. The enzyme is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum which forms microsomes when the cells are hydrolyzed. Which of the following is the first critical step in isolating the glucose 6-Pase? A. Preparing the appropriate buffer for isolating the enzyme. B. Identifying the tissue from which to isolate the enzyme of interest and from which additional purification techniques can be applied. O C. Determining the appropriate method or reagent to lyse the cell O D. Obtaining the fraction from the cell which probably contains the enzyme. E. Determining the appropriate chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteins or other biomoleculesarrow_forwardHemoglobin glycation (so named to distinguish it from glycosylation, which is the enzymatic transfer of glucose to a protein) is a non-enzymatic process that involves reaction of the N-terminal amino group of hemoglobin and glucose. The amount of glycated hemoglobin (GHB) is usually about 5% of total hemoglobin (and corresponds to a blood glucose concentration of 120 mg/100 mL). However, in people with untreated diabetes this value may be as high as 13%, which indicates an average blood level of about 300 mg/100 mL -dangerously high. One of the aims of insulin therapy is to maintain GHB values of about 7%. Draw a possible chemical scheme for the glycation of hemoglobin.arrow_forwardMatch the following: a. Stimulates milk production 1. Transport protein b. Controls carbohydrate mechanism 2. Structural protein c. Decreases urine production 3. Catalytic protein d. Hemoglobin belongs to this class 4. Storage protein e. Protein that acts as enzyme 5. Vasopressin f. Nerve impulse transmission 6. Insulin g. Keratin belongs to this class 7. Rhodopsin n. Gliadin and casein 8. Oxytocinarrow_forward
- On the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)arrow_forwardList two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of biomedical research devoted to these compounds.arrow_forwardIdentify the following: a. An oxidative process that releases energy b. Cellular localization of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. c. The number of double bonds present in the metabolic precursor of all prostaglandins.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is false? a. to Citric acid is the main product of post-mortem enzymatic degradation of glucose and glycogen and affects the pH of tissues. b. Amino acids and proteins when heated can serve as a source of free ammonia, in addition, sulfur amino acids and the proteins that constitute them are precursors of H₂S. c. pH of the meat, species and gender of the animal, genotype, age, diet are aroma factors in meat and its derivatives can be considered in the formation of compounds responsible for d. Lean tissue is responsible for the meaty aroma common to all species.arrow_forwardBence-Jones protein is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and is found in high concentration in the urine of Multiple Myeloma patients. Multiple Myeloma is a type of cancer in which lymphocytes multiply and break down bone marrow and bone. Which method would you prefer to show the Bence-Jones protein in the urine for the diagnosis of the disease? Explain the principle of your preferred method.arrow_forwardState Two points to support the statement below, using adequate and sufficient information to clearly explains these points mentioned. Water-soluble vitamins are more biochemically useful than fat-soluble vitamins.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education