What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells. Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

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Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

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Mutant tyrosine kinase signaling proteins are implicated in many types of human cancer. Hundreds of millions of dollars are required for the basic research and development of a new drug. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs have been approved for cancer treatments by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. What do you think would be some of the difficulties of finding these drugs given that similar kinases are active in normal cells? Do you think new medications of this type should be developed through government-sponsored research? Why or why not? If not, what alternatives do you propose?

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that is a central regulator of cell division and cellular metabolism. Activated mTOR phosphorylates several protein targets, this activates pathways that lead to increased energy utilization, increased cell division and decreased apoptosis (cell death). Over-activation of mTOR is associated with several types of human cancer. In healthy cells, signaling downstream of growth factor receptors leads to the activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates lipid targets such as PIP2, forming PIP3. These lipids recruit a kinase called AKT to the cell membrane, where it is phosphorylated and activated. In turn, AKT phosphorylates and inactivates PRAS40. PRAS40 is normally bound to mTOR, inhibiting its activity. Thus, inactivation of PRAS40 activates mTOR. A schematic of this signaling pathway is shown below. Which of the following mutations is most likely to increase activation of mTOR? a mutation that decreases the activity of…

Of the steps listed below, which problem would take you the longest to realize you had a problem in your RTK (ie the highest number of earlier steps could still occur)? O the RTK cannot autophosphorylate O the RTK cannot phosphorylate downstream kinases the RTK cannot integrate into the membrane the extracellular ligand cannot bind to the RTK

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 16TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What would be the difficulties of finding cancer drugs that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase given that similar kinases also function in normal cells.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Whether it could be possible to develop such new medication through government-sponsored research. Why or why not.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To suggest: Alternatives if it is not possible to develop new such medication through government-sponsored research.

Introduction: Enzyme-linked receptor is a transmembrane protein with a binding site for signaling molecule outside the cell and an enzyme component inside the cell. An example of enzyme-linked receptor is tyrosine kinase. On binding of ligands with the enzyme-linked receptors, receptor protein comes close together in the plasma membrane and forms dimer which initiates activation of downstream molecules and causes cellular response.

Answer 12

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Answer 15

Ch. 6.1 - Describe the four main processes essential for...Ch. 6.1 - What is the sequence of events that takes place in...Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2C Ch. 6.2 - Compare three types of signaling molecules:...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1C Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 2C Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 3C Ch. 6.3 - Identify mechanisms that make reception a highly...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 4LO Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1C

Solution Summary: The author explains that tyrosine kinase is a transmembrane protein with binding sites for signaling molecule outside and an enzyme component inside the cell.

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