The name of the phenomenon that explains the signal cascade for rhodopsin. Introduction: Receptors are the structures that compose of proteins and promote binding of certain molecules that act as signaling molecules and bring changes in the functioning of the cell. The receptors are specific and allow the binding of molecules only from a specific family. There are three different ways in which receptors function namely amplification, integration, and relaying of the signal.

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Chapter 6, Problem 22RQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The name of the phenomenon that explains the signal cascade for rhodopsin.

Introduction: Receptors are the structures that compose of proteins and promote binding of certain molecules that act as signaling molecules and bring changes in the functioning of the cell. The receptors are specific and allow the binding of molecules only from a specific family. There are three different ways in which receptors function namely amplification, integration, and relaying of the signal.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The total number of GMP molecules that will be formed by a single rhodopsin molecule.

Introduction: Rhodopsin pigment is found in the rods of the retina, and it is highly sensitive to light. Hence, these cells play an important in visualization in the dark. Rhodopsin triggers a series of reactions and leads to photobleaching. Rhodopsin is important for visual phototransduction reaction in the rod cells.

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Researchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 10- 0 0 0.1 A.U (Arbitraty Unit) 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0.4 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20- 15- 10 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) -20 C. The PDE protein is an oxidase that reduces GMP into a cGMP D. The PDE protein is a phosphodiesterase that converts cGMP into a GMP E. The PDE…

Researchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 0- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 0.4 20 15 - 10 5 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- o 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 0.4 25 20 0 GMP concentration (A.U) 10. What is the likely function of the cytosolic cGMP in this phototransduction pathway? A. It is a competitive inhibitor of PDE B. It is a…

To further investigate the cellular response in photoreceptor cells, we will now look at the actual effect of cGMP within the phototransduction pathway. Again, we will compare what happens in the dark and in the presence of light to understand how an electric signal is generated in either condition. Comparing both conditions (in the dark or under the light), researchers have measured the molar concentration of cytosolic CGMP and recorded the membrane potential of rod cells by placing micro- electrodes on either side of their plasma membrane (see figure below). • A negative membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside the cell. • A positive membrane potential means that there are more negatively charged ions outside the cell compared to inside the cell, or equivalently, that there are less positively charged ions outside…