Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The formation of
Concept introduction:
▸ In haloalkanes, the bond between carbon and halogen is polarized by virtue of the higher electronegativity of halogen compared to carbon, which is electrophilic in nature. The replacement of halogen in haloalkanes by a nucleophile through a substitution reaction is called a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
▸
▸ Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
▸ Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
▸ Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
▸ Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
▸
▸ The
▸ The
▸ An
▸ The nucleophilic substitutions in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group are known as
▸
▸ Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
▸ Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
▸ The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
▸ If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
▸ If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
▸ The stability of carbocation:
▸ The nucleophile which can attack a substrate through two possible sites is termed as an ambident nucleophile.
▸ Nitrite is an ambident nucleophile, which can attack a substrate through oxygen and nitrogen.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution![Blurred answer](/static/blurred-answer.jpg)
Chapter 6 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LL) W/WILEYPLUS NEXT
- Question 7 Predict the product for the following reaction. 1. Br2/H2O 2. NaOH Br Br OH Br HO II II IV II O IVarrow_forwardProvide the major organic product in the reaction shown below. Blank 1 FO H₂0%. Aarrow_forwardwhich molecule in the reaction below undergoes oxidation? 4Fe + 3 O2 > 2Fe2O3arrow_forward
- Predict the product and explain the difference in reaction outcome.arrow_forward6. Given the reactions below, provide the missing products and explain the differences among the hydride reactions. Where is stereochemistry is present, does it change or stay the same? 1. LİAIH4, THF 1. NaBH4, EtOH 2. H;O* 2. H3O* + NH 1. LİAIH4, THF 1. NABH4, EtOH 2. H3O* 2. H;O* ОН 1. LİAIH4, THF 1. NaBH4, ETOH 2. H3O* 2. H3O*arrow_forwardWhich is the major product for the following reaction? + HI HO, O. HO, (a) (b) (c) (d)arrow_forward
- Na, NH3 H3C-C=C-CH3 CH3 H3C° Alkynes are reduced to trans alkenes by a process called dissolving metal reduction. The reaction uses sodium or lithium metal as the reducing agent and liquid ammonia as the solvent. The method is specific in the formation of trans alkenes from alkynes. The method involves two successive transfers of single electrons from the alkali metal to the triple bond, with abstraction of protons from the ammonia solvent. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions .CH3 H-NH2 CH3 :NH2 H3C H3Carrow_forwardFormaldehyde, H2C=O, is known to all biologists because of its usefulness as a tissue preservative. When pure, formaldehyde trimerizes to give trioxane, C3H6O3, which, surprisingly enough, has no carbonyl groups. Only one monobromo derivative (C3H5BrO3) of trioxane is possible. Propose a structure for trioxane.arrow_forwardWrite the chemical formula for diarsenic trioxide 14- 3+ 4+ 1 4 9. (s) (1) (g) (aq) As An Ar Ox Reset • x H2O Delete 3, 2.arrow_forward
- from each. a) b) c) Predict the product of the following reactions. Provide the major organic product Br Br Br →→ Li CN acetone Na₂Sarrow_forwardQUESTION 4b Draw the structures of the major organic compound products A - H (in he boxes) for the scheme shown below. B H Sn/HCI NaOH C HNO/H₂SOA conc. SO / H₂SO Na2Cr2O7. H2SO4/H2O H₂NNH2, KOH E AICI, G to OH NBS. ROOR, A LL F conc. = concentratearrow_forwardBr NaOH DMF (H2O) S OH Br ОН Ь ОН ОН 3.arrow_forward
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305080485/9781305080485_smallCoverImage.gif)