Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reactivity toward
Concept introduction:
In
A chemical species that has the tendency to donate an electron pair to an electrophile in order to form a
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
The reactivity depends on the electronegative atoms and halogen atoms in
Strong electronegative atoms are considered strong nucleophiles, which make the favorable condition for
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Chapter 6 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LL) W/WILEYPLUS NEXT
- • PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.24 A, B, and C are alkynes. Elucidate their structures and that of D using the following reaction roadmap. H2, Pt H,, Pt A (C3H14) (C3H14) IR: 3300 cm (1) O3 (2) HOẠC HO, H2, Pt (C3H12) (C3H16) (1) O3 (2) HOAC hol bian vd beeollot Но. ОН AOHarrow_forwardUse bond-dissociation enthalpies (Table 4-2, p. 167) to calculate values of ∆H° for the following reactions. (a) CH3¬CH3 + I2 ¡ CH3CH2I + HI(b) CH3CH2Cl + HI ¡ CH3CH2I + HCl(c) (CH3)3C¬OH + HCl ¡ (CH3)3C¬Cl + H2O (d) CH3CH2CH3 + H2 ¡ CH3CH3 + CH4 (e) CH3CH2OH + HBr ¡ CH3CH2¬Br + H2Oarrow_forward7.20 Write the product you would expect from reaction of each of the following alkyl halides with (i) Na+ ¯SCH3 and (ii) NaOH (yellow-green = Cl): (b) (c) (a)arrow_forward
- 7.51 You have available 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanol (A) and 2-bromo-1,1-dimethylcyclopentane (B) and wish to prepare 3,3-dimethylcyclopentene (C). Which would you choose as the more suitable reactant, A or B, and with what would you treat it? H3C CH3 H3C CH3 H3C CH3 ОН Br A B Carrow_forward7.44 Give the structures of two different alkyl bromides both of which yield the indicated alkene as the exclusive product of E2 elimination. (а) СH;CH—CH, (b) (CH3)2С—СH2 (c) BRCH=CB12 CH3 (d) CH3arrow_forwardAs shown below, when compound 6a is heated, (1Z, 3Z)cycloheptadiene is formed. When the related compound 6b is heated, however, (1E, 3Z)-cyclodecadiene is formed. Explain these results, and suggest a reason why opening of the five-membered ring in 6a needs a higher temperature than that of the eight-membered ring in 6b. (7 points) H 270 °C H 6a 6b H 190 °Carrow_forward
- 6.49 Reaction of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene with hydrogen iodide yields two compounds A and B, each having the molecular formula C6H₁3I, in the ratio A:B = 90:10. Compound A, on being heated with potassium hydroxide in n-propyl alcohol, gives only 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene. Compound B undergoes elimination under these conditions to give 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene as the major prod- uct. Suggest structures for compounds A and B, and write a reasonable mechanism for the for- mation of each.arrow_forwardO PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.14 Starting with any needed alkene (or cycloalkene) and assuming you have deuterioace- tic acid (CH3CO,D) available, outline syntheses of the following deuterium-labeled compounds.s el en olad lo nohibbs ad CH3 (a) (CH3)2CHCH2CH,D (b) (CH3),CHCHDCH3 (c) (+ enantiomer) (d) Assuming you also have available BD3:THF and CH3CO2T, can you suggest a synthesis of the following? hab erl (+ enantiomer)he imo (nwond-ben) CH3 H. (asoholea)arrow_forward7.26 Predict the principal organic product of each of the following reactions. Specify stereochemistry where appropriate. ONa (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (1) (g) (h) e (j) L OH (1) H- Br + + OH OCH3 Br Br CoHs ONa NaOH NaN3 dioxane-water Ao fo X A Br NH3 methanol HCI CHC13 -CH3 CH,SNa -H OOH (k) CH₂(CH₂)₁6CH₂OTS + CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂SNa → CGHS CH₂ONa CH3OH 1. LIAIH, diethyl ether 2. H₂O K₂CO3 acetonearrow_forward
- 7.53 Write a sequence of steps depicting the mechanisms of each of the following reactions. Use curved arrows to show electron flow. H+ (a) ОН ОН (b) H2SO4. heat ОН KHSO4 (c) 170°Carrow_forward• PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.12 Treating a hindered alkene such as 2-methyl-2-butene with BH3:THE leads to the for- mation of a dialkylborane instead of a trialkylborane. When 2 mol of 2-methyl-2-butene is added to 1 mol of BH3, the product formed is bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane, nicknamed in reagent "disiamylborane." Write its structure. Bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane is a useful certain syntheses that require a sterically hindered borane. (The name “disiamyl" comes from "disecondary-iso-amyl," a completely unsystematic and unacceptable name. The name "amyl" is an old common name for a five-carbon alkyl group.) donbyarrow_forwardA tautometric keto (A) – enol(B) equilibrium may be formulated as follows (A) (B) CH3 – COH ß-----------àCH2 – CHOH Given the following bond energies: C – H = 435kJ mol-1 C – C = 368 C==C = 610 C – O = 357 kJmol-1 C==O = 748 kJmol-1 O – H = 462 kJ mol-1 Calculate the enthalpy change in going from Keto form (A) to the enol form (B)arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY
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