Chapter 6, Problem 19PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis of the given compounds, starting from $\text{(S)}-\text{2}-\text{bromobutane}$, is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.

Nucleophilic substitution is a reaction in which an electron-rich group, called a nucleophile, substitutes an outgoing group on a saturated carbon atom.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism of substitution reaction occurs in secondary alkyl halides with an inversion of configuration.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction takes place in one step. The nucleophile attacks the alkyl halide from the side opposite to the leaving group, resulting in an inversion of configuration.

When the order of progression from the group of highest priority to that of the next highest priority is clockwise, it is said to be the $\left(R\right)$ configuration

When the order of progression from the group of highest priority to that of the next highest priority is anticlockwise, then it is said to be the $\left(S\right)$ configuration.

A racemic mixture or racemic form is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers. The racemic form causes no net rotation of plane-polarised light.