Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The LUMO in
Concept Introduction:
▸ Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
▸ Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
▸ Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
▸ Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
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▸ The
▸ The
▸ An
▸ The nucleophilic substitutions in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group are known as
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▸ Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
▸ Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
▸ The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
▸ If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
▸ If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
▸ The stability of carbocation:
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