Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing temperature increases reaction rate” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: According to Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium of the reaction shift towards the side that involves absorption of heat when the temperature is increased. The kinetic energy of molecules increases on increasing the temperature. It results in the faster rate of the reaction.
(b)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “If a reaction is fast, it has a large rate constant” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The rate constant is represented by
(c)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “A fast reaction has a large negative
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy is represented by
The change in Gibbs free energy describes the spontaneity of the reaction. The change in enthalpy describes the relative bond strength in the substance, whereas the change in entropy describes the randomness in the system.
(d)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “When
Concept introduction: The activation energy
(e)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Fast reactions have equilibrium constants
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy is represented by
If the
(f)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing the concentration of a reactant always increases the rate of a reaction” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The concentration of a reaction influences the rate of a reaction. The increase in concentration of a starting material results in increase of the rate of a reaction.
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ORG.CHEMISTRY W/ACCESS+MODEL KIT PKG
- Draw an energy diagram for each reaction in Problem 20.28, paying attention to the relative energies of the overall reactants, overall products, and any intermediates.arrow_forwardWhich of these reactions or processes has a negative DS? (D = delta) (A) C2H5OH(l) --> C2H5OH(g) (B) 2NO2(g) --> 2NO(g) + O2(g) (C) NH3(g) --> NH3(aq) (D) H2(g) + F2(g) --> 2HF(g)arrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the starting material, product, transition state, ΔHo, and Ea. a. a concerted reaction with ΔHo = −80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/mol a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of the compounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forward
- Consider the energy diagram in Figure 6. Select the correct statements. * A- This reaction proceeds through a mechanism with three transition states. B- Step 1 determines the rate of the overall reaction. C- The first reactive intermediate is more stable than the second reactive intermediate. D- This reaction proceeds through a mechanism that has three elementary steps. E- The overall reaction is endothermicarrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the starting material, product, transition state, ΔH°, and Ea. a. a concerted reaction with ΔH° = –80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/mol b. a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of the compounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forwardFor 10.29, the trans product (major product) and the cis product (third product) are displayed as possible E2 products. However, for 10.30, only the trans product (major product) is shown. How come the cis product is not needed?arrow_forward
- Complete each sentence by matching with the correct statement.Increasing the concentration of a reactant: a. Increases the frequency and energy of molecular collisions which speeds up the rate of the reactionb. Reduces the energy and frequency of the collisions thus slowing down the rate of the reactionc. Increases the frequency of molecular collisions thus speeding up the rate of the reactiond. Increases the activation thus speeding up the rate of the reactione. Lowers the activation energy and speeds up the reactionf. Gives the molecules more energyAdding a catalyst to a reaction:a. Increases the frequency and energy of molecular collisions which speeds up the rate of the reactionb. Reduces the energy and frequency of the collisions thus slowing down the rate of the reactionc. Increases the frequency of molecular collisions thus speeding up the rate of the reactiond. Increases the activation thus speeding up the rate of the reactione. Lowers the activation energy and speeds up the…arrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the startingmaterial, product, transition state, ΔHo, and Ea.a.) a concerted reaction with ΔHo = −80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/molb.) a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of thecompounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forwardAssume the reaction: CH3CH=CHCOONa + H2 + Ni ----> ??? a. Determine the correct rate law expression based on the elementary reaction. b. Draw the structure of the transition state. c. Draw the reaction coordinate diagrams for: the reaction with the catalyst and the reaction without the catalyst, but adjacent graphs. (Assume that the reaction is exothermic and has 1 transition state.) d. Does heat increase the rate of the forward reaction in the given? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Draw an energy diagram for a reaction in which the products are higher in energy than the starting materials and Ea is large. Clearly label all of the following on the diagram: the axes, the starting materials, the products, the transition state,?H°, and Ea.arrow_forwardConsider the following energy plots for a chemical reaction when answering the questions below. a. Which plot (purple or blue) is the catalyzed pathway? How do you know? b. What does E1 represent? c. What does E2 represent? d. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?arrow_forwardAverage reaction rate between 0 and 100 us? Average reaction rate between 200 and 300 us?arrow_forward
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