Concept explainers
(a)
To determine:
From the above mentioned table which patient have frameshift mutation.
Concept introduction:
A mutation is biological process which is defined as the permanent alteration in the
(b)
To determine:
From the above mentioned table how many amino acids are missing from patient E.
Concept introduction:
A mutation is biological process which is defined as the permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutation is unpredictable change that alters the protein function by changing shape of amino acid. It occurs naturally within the cell or by certain environmental factors such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
(c)
To determine:
Which patient will produce a shortened protein.
Concept introduction:
A mutation is biological process which is defined as the permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutation is unpredictable change that alters the protein function by changing shape of amino acid. It occurs naturally within the cell or by certain environmental factors such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
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BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND INVESTIGATIONS,
- Neurospora crassa can synthesize the amino acid arginine from a precursor as follows: precursor ornithine citrulline arginine George Beadle and Edward Tatum identified various mutants (arg mutants) unable to synthesize arginine from this precursor. One such class (Class I) could synthesize arginine if either ornithine or citrulline was supplied. A second mutant class (Class II) could synthesize arginine if citrulline was added, but not if ornithine was added. A third class (Class III) could not synthesize arginine from either ornithine or citrulline. Which class or classes of arg mutants will grow on complete media?arrow_forwardA gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arq- tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand. How will this mutation affect the phenotype? A)This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different. B)This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein. C)This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein. D)This will affect the phenotype because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from the original protein.arrow_forwardThe following four mutations have been discovered in a gene that has more than 60 exons and encodes a very large protein of 2532 amino acids. Indicate which mutation would likely cause a detectable change in the size of the mRNA and/or the size of the protein product. Consider a detectable change to be >10% of the wild-type size. A table of the genetic code is shown below. First letter 0 00 U O A บบบ UUC UUA UUG U CUU CUC CUA CUG Phe GUU GUC GUA GUG Leu >Leu AUU AUC lle AUA AUG Met >Val UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG Second letter C Ser Pro Thr Ala CAU CAC CAA CAG UAU UGU Tyr UAC UGC UAA Stop UGA UAG Stop UGG AAU AAC AAA AAG A GAU GAC GAA GAG His Gin Asn Lys Asp G Glu CGU CGC CGA CGGJ AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG O AAG576UAG (changes codon 576 from AAG to UAG) Cys Stop Trp O GUG326AUG (changes codon 326 from GUG to AUG) Arg Ser Arg Gly DUAG DUA G DCAG DO AG deletion of codon 779 insertion of 1000 base pairs into the sixth intron (this particular…arrow_forward
- Neurospora crassa can synthesize the amino acid arginine from a precursor as follows: precursor ornithine - citrulline arginine George Beadle and Edward Tatum identified various mutants (arg mutants) unable to synthesize arginine from this precursor. One such class (Class I) could synthesize arginine if either ornithine or citrulline was supplied. A second mutant class (Class II) could synthesize arginine if citrulline was added, but not if ornithine was added. A third class (Class II) could not synthesize arginine from either ornithine or citrulline. Which class or classes of arg mutants LACK a functional enzyme able to convert ornithine into citrulline?arrow_forwardA wildtype gene produces the polypeptide sequence: Wildtype: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly Each of the following polypeptide sequences is the result of a single mutation. Identify the most likely type of mutation causing each, be as specific as possible. M1:Met-Ser-Ser-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly missense mutation M2:Met-Ser-Pro M3:Met-Ser-Pro-Asp-Trp-Arg-Asp-Lys M4:Met-Ser-Pro-Glu-Gly nonsense mutation frameshift insertion in frame deletion M5:Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly in frame insertionarrow_forwardBased on the following wild type DNA sequence, indicate if each of the mutations should be classified as : insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, silent (Use the provided Genetic Code table and remember you have been given DNA sequence). Wild Type: AUGAUUCUUAAAAGU Mutant 1: AUGAUUCUUUAAAGU Mutant 2: AUGAUUCUUGAAAGU Mutant 3: AUGAUCCUUAAAAGU Mutant 4: AUGAUCCUAAAAGU Mutant 5: AUGAUCCUUAAACAGU Socond letter Key: Ala = Alanine (A) Arg Arginine (R) Asn = UUU } UAU Tyr UGU UGC Cys UGA STOP UGG Trp UCU UCC UUC Phe Ser Asparagine (N) Asp = Aspartate (D) Cys Cysteine (C) Gin = Glutamine (Q) Glu = Glutamate (E) Gly = Glycine (G) His = Histidine (H) le = Isoleucine (1) Leucine (L) Lys Lysine (K) Met = Methionine (M) Phe = Phenylalanine (F) Pro Proline (P) Ser = Serine (S) Thr Threonine (T) Trp Tryptophan (W) Tyr Tyrosine (Y) - Valine (V) UCA UCG UAA STOP UAG STOP UUA Leu UUG S CCU CC CGU CUU CUC His CGC Arg Leu Pro CAA Gin CGA CCA CCG CUA CUG CGG Leu = AGU AUU AUC } lle AUA ACU ACC ACA Ser AAC…arrow_forward
- The figure shows the position of two of these mutations a and b. The nucleotides are altered in these 2 different swo-1 mutant alleles. Use the genetic table to describe any AA changes.Name the type of mutation and describe its effect on swo-1 mRNA and protein for each of the mutations. 3. The swo-1 a mutation (insertion between C and G). 4. The swo-1 b mutation (C-to-T mutation for indicated C). 5. The swo-1 a mutation leads to worms with more body wall muscle, whereas worms with the swo-1 b mutation are not able to move. Based on these phenotypes and the findings from questions 3 and 4, describe the role thewild-type version of this protein plays in muscle function.arrow_forwardIn sequencing, dideoxyribonucleotides (ddNTP) are used that terminate the amplification. Why do they terminate the amplification?arrow_forwardAn individual carries a somatic mutation that changes a lysinecodon into a glutamic acid codon. Prior to acquiring this mutation,the individual had been exposed to UV light, proflavin, and5-bromouracil. Which of these three agents would be the mostlikely to have caused this somatic mutation? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- The mRNA sequence 5' AUG AAA CAG GGA UAA 3' encodes a particular peptide of interest to your research team. You have identified a new alternate allele of the sequence 5' AUG AAG CAG GGA UAA 3'. What type of mutation does this alternate sequence illustrate?arrow_forwardBased on the following wild type DNA sequence, indicate if each of the mutations should be classified as : insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, silent (Use the provided Genetic Code table and remember you have been given DNA sequence). Wild Type: 5’ ATG GCT AGA GTC GAG TTG 3’ Mutant 1: 5’ ATG GCA GAG TCG AGT TG 3’ Mutant 2: 5’ ATG GCT TGA GTC GAG TTG 3’ Mutant 3: 5’ ATG GCT AGA GTT GAG TTG 3’ Mutant 4: 5’ ATG GCT AGA AGT CGA GTT G 3’ Mutant 5: 5’ ATG GCT AGA ATC GAG GTT 3’arrow_forwardConsider the following portion of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides: 5’ – CUU AAA CCA GUU – 3’ a. What is the template DNA sequence that was used to synthesize this portion of mRNA? b. What is the amino acid order produced from this mRNA? c. Write the amino acid sequence if a mutation changes CUU to CAU. Is this likely to affect protein function?arrow_forward
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