Interpretation:
The relative
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
The addition reaction is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted into saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The primary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to only one other atom of carbon. It is denoted by
The secondary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to two other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
The tertiary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to three other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
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Organic Chemistry
- (a) Give a mechanism for this reaction, showing how the two products arise as aconsequence of the resonance-stabilized intermediate.(b) The bromination of cyclohexene using NBS gives only one major product, as shown onthe previous page. Explain why there is no second product from an allylic shift.arrow_forwardReaction of this bicycloalkene with bromine in carbon tetrachloride gives a trans dibromide. In both (a) and (b), the bromine atoms are trans to each other. However, only one of these products is formed. Which trans dibromide is formed? How do you account for the fact that it is formed to the exclusion of the other trans dibromide?arrow_forwardGive the reaction mechanism for both subparts in clear handwritten paper!arrow_forward
- In the presence of acid such as H2SO4, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene undergoes isomerization to 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene (shown below). Write a complete mechanism, showing all steps and using curved arrows to explain this observation.arrow_forwardAcid-catalyzed transesterification and Fischer esterification take place by nearly identical mechanisms. Transesterificationcan also take place by a base-catalyzed mechanism, but all attempts at base-catalyzed Fischer esterification (using -OR″,for example) seem doomed to failure. Explain why Fischer esterification cannot be catalyzed by base.2arrow_forwardShow the complete arrow pushing mechanism for this reaction and explain the originof the stereochemistry observed in the product.arrow_forward
- can someone help me with this? Make a comparison table between the reaction mechanism SN1 and SN2, take into account thereaction order, nature of the substrates, solvents used, nature of the nucleophile, stereochemistry,kinetics, and other characteristics that you consider relevant.arrow_forwardGive a clear handwritten answer..give the mechanism of given bleow reactions and label with E1,E2,SN1,SN2....arrow_forwardaddition of hbr to a double bond with an ether (-or) substituent occurs regiospecifically to give a product in which the Br OR are bonded to the same carbon. Draw the two possible carbocation intermediates in this electrophilic addition reaction,and explain using resonance why the observed product is formed.arrow_forward
- Show reasonable mechanisms for the following reaction.arrow_forwardComplete the following sequence of reactions by indicating the missing reagent(s). Show the stereochemistry of the product of the second reactionarrow_forwardOn photolysis, A undergoes primarily Norrish II chemistry, but B undergoes primarily Norrish I chemistry. Rationalize the difference and draw the major products expected from each reaction. (note the stereochemistry in the ring structure).arrow_forward
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