Concept explainers
Comprehensive review of Chapters 7 and 8, working backward from given variances. The Gallo Company uses a flexible budget and standard costs to aid planning and control of its machining manufacturing operations. Its costing system for manufacturing has two direct-cost categories (direct materials and direct manufacturing labor—both variable) and two
At the 50,000 budgeted direct manufacturing labor-hour level for August, budgeted direct manufacturing labor is $1,250,000, budgeted variable manufacturing overhead is $500,000, and budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead is $1,000,000.
The following actual results are for August:
Direct materials price variance (based on purchases) | $179,300 F |
Direct materials efficiency variance | 75,900 U |
Direct |
535,500 |
Variable manufacturing overhead flexible- |
10,400 U |
Variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance | 18,100 U |
Fixed manufacturing overhead incurred | 957,550 |
The
In July, labor unrest caused a major slowdown in the pace of production, resulting in an unfavorable direct manufacturing labor efficiency variance of $40,000. There was no direct manufacturing labor price variance. Labor unrest persisted into August. Some workers quit. Their replacements had to be hired at higher wage rates, which had to be extended to all workers. The actual average wage rate in August exceeded the standard average wage rate by $0.50 per hour.
- A. Compute the following for August:
Required
- a. Total pounds of direct materials purchased
- b. Total number of pounds of excess direct materials used
- c. Variable manufacturing overhead spending variance
- d. Total number of actual direct manufacturing labor-hours used
- e. Total number of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours allowed for the units produced
- f. Production-volume variance
- B. Describe how Gallo’s control of variable manufacturing overhead items differs from its control of fixed manufacturing overhead items.
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CUSTOM COST ACCT 2521 SWP W/ ACCESS
- Refer to Cornerstone Exercise 8.13. In March, Nashler Company produced 163,200 units and had the following actual costs: Required: 1. Prepare a performance report for Nashler Company comparing actual costs with the flexible budget for actual units produced. 2. What if Nashler Companys actual direct materials cost were 1,175,040? How would that affect the variance for direct materials? The total cost variance?arrow_forwardThe normal capacity of a manufacturing plant is 30,000 direct labor hours or 20,000 units per month. Standard fixed costs are 6,000, and variable costs are 12,000. Data for two months follow: For each month, make a single journal entry to charge overhead to Work in Process, to close Factory Overhead, and to record variances. Indicate the types of variances and state whether each is favorable or unfavorable. (Hint: You must first compute the flexible-budget and production-volume variances.)arrow_forwardCarlo Lee Corp. has established the following standard cost per unit: Although 10,000 units were budgeted, only 8,800 units were produced. The purchasing department bought 55,000 lb of materials at a cost of $123,750. Actual pounds of materials used were 54,305. Direct labor cost was $186,550 for 18,200 hours worked. Required: Make journal entries to record the materials transactions, assuming that the materials price variance was recorded at the time of purchase. Make journal entries to record the labor variances.arrow_forward
- Direct materials and direct labor variance analysis Lenni Clothing Co. manufactures clothing in a small manufacturing facility. Manufacturing has 25 employees. Each employee presently provides 40 hours of productive labor per week. Information about a production week is as follows: Instructions Determine (A) the standard cost per unit for direct materials and direct labor; (B) the price variance, quantity variance, and total direct materials cost variance; and (C) the rate variance, time variance, and total direct labor cost variance.arrow_forwardUSD Inc. has established the following standard cost per unit: Although 10,000 units were budgeted, 12,000 units were produced. The Purchasing department bought 50,000 lb of materials at a cost of $237,500. Actual pounds of materials used were 46,000. Direct labor cost was $287,500 for 25,000 hours worked. Required: Make journal entries to record the materials transactions, assuming that the materials price variance was recorded at the time of purchase. Make journal entries to record the labor variances.arrow_forwardDirect materials, direct labor, and factory overhead cost variance analysis Mackinaw Inc. processes a base chemical into plastic. Standard costs and actual costs for direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead incurred for the manufacture of 40,000 units of product were as follows: Each unit requires 0.3 hour of direct labor. Instructions Determine (A) the direct materials price variance, direct materials quantity variance, and total direct materials cost variance; (B) the direct labor rate variance, direct labor time variance, and total direct labor cost variance; and (C) the variable factory overhead controllable variance, fixed factory overhead volume variance, and total factory overhead cost variance.arrow_forward
- The standard specifications for an electric motor manufactured by XYZ Electric Co. follow: Factory overhead rates are based on a normal 70% capacity and use the following flexible budget: The actual production was 2,500 motors, and factory overhead costs totaled $29,750. Required: Calculate the factory overhead variances using the two-variance method and the diagram format.arrow_forwardThe management of Golding Company has determined that the cost to investigate a variance produced by its standard cost system ranges from 2,000 to 3,000. If a problem is discovered, the average benefit from taking corrective action usually outweighs the cost of investigation. Past experience from the investigation of variances has revealed that corrective action is rarely needed for deviations within 8% of the standard cost. Golding produces a single product, which has the following standards for materials and labor: Actual production for the past 3 months follows, with the associated actual usage and costs for materials and labor. There were no beginning or ending raw materials inventories. Required: 1. What upper and lower control limits would you use for materials variances? For labor variances? 2. Compute the materials and labor variances for April, May, and June. Identify those that would require investigation by comparing each variance to the amount of the limit computed in Requirement 1. Compute the actual percentage deviation from standard. Round all unit costs to four decimal places. Round variances to the nearest dollar. Round variance rates to three decimal places so that percentages will show to one decimal place. 3. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION Let the horizontal axis be time and the vertical axis be variances measured as a percentage deviation from standard. Draw horizontal lines that identify upper and lower control limits. Plot the labor and material variances for April, May, and June. Prepare a separate graph for each type of variance. Explain how you would use these graphs (called control charts) to assist your analysis of variances.arrow_forwardIn all of the exercises involving variances, use F and U to designate favorable and unfavorable variances, respectively. E8-1 through E8-5 use the following data: The standard operating capacity of Tecate Manufacturing Co. is 1,000 units. A detailed study of the manufacturing data relating to the standard production cost of one product revealed the following: 1. Two pounds of materials are needed to produce one unit. 2. Standard unit cost of materials is 8 per pound. 3. It takes one hour of labor to produce one unit. 4. Standard labor rate is 10 per hour. 5. Standard overhead (all variable) for this volume is 4,000. Each case in E8-1 through E8-5 requires the following: a. Set up a standard cost summary showing the standard unit cost. b. Analyze the variances for materials and labor. c. Make journal entries to record the transfer to Work in Process of: 1. Materials costs 2. Labor costs 3. Overhead costs (When making these entries, include the variances.) d. Prepare the journal entry to record the transfer of costs to the finished goods account. Standard unit cost; variance analysis; journal entries 1,000 units were started and finished. Case 1: All prices and quantities for the cost elements are standard, except for materials cost, which is 8.50 per pound. Case 2: All prices and quantities for the cost elements are standard, except that 1,900 lb of materials were used.arrow_forward
- Cost and production data for Binghamton Beverages Inc. are presented as follows: Required: Calculate net variances for materials, labor, and factory overhead. Calculate specific materials and labor variances by department, using the diagram format in Figure 8-4. Comment on the possible causes for each of the variances that you computed. Make all journal entries to record production costs in Work in Process and Finished Goods. Determine the balance of ending Work in Process in each department. Assume that 4,000 units were sold at $40 each. Calculate the gross margin based on standard cost. Calculate the gross margin based on actual cost. Why does the gross margin at actual cost differ from the gross margin at standard cost. As the plant controller, you present the variance report in Item 1 above to Paul Crooke, the plant manager. After reading it, Paul states: “If we present this performance report to corporate with that large unfavorable labor variance in Blending, nobody in the plant will receive a bonus. Those standard hours of 5,500 are way too tight for this production process. Fifty-eight hundred hours would be more reasonable, and that would result in a favorable labor efficiency variance that would more than offset the unfavorable labor rate variance. Please redo the variance calculations using 5,800 hours as the standard.” You object, but Paul ends the conversation with, “That is an order.” What standards of ethical professional practice would be violated if you adhered to Paul’s order? How would you attempt to resolve this ethical conflict?arrow_forwardRefer to the data in Exercise 9.15. Required: 1. Compute overhead variances using a two-variance analysis. 2. Compute overhead variances using a three-variance analysis. 3. Illustrate how the two- and three-variance analyses are related to the four-variance analysis. Oerstman, Inc., uses a standard costing system and develops its overhead rates from the current annual budget. The budget is based on an expected annual output of 120,000 units requiring 480,000 direct labor hours. (Practical capacity is 500,000 hours.) Annual budgeted overhead costs total 787,200, of which 556,800 is fixed overhead. A total of 119,400 units using 478,000 direct labor hours were produced during the year. Actual variable overhead costs for the year were 230,600, and actual fixed overhead costs were 556,250. Required: 1. Compute the fixed overhead spending and volume variances. How would you interpret the spending variance? Discuss the possible interpretations of the volume variance. Which is most appropriate for this example? 2. Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances. How is the variable overhead spending variance like the price variances of direct labor and direct materials? How is it different? How is the variable overhead efficiency variance related to the direct labor efficiency variance?arrow_forwardGeorgia Gasket Co. budgets 8,000 direct labor hours for the year. The total overhead budget is expected to amount to 20,000. The standard cost for a unit of the companys product estimates the variable overhead as follows: The actual data for the period follow: Using the four-variance method, calculate the overhead variances. (Hint: First compute the budgeted fixed overhead rate.)arrow_forward
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